The aim of a course in real analysis should be to challenge and improve mathematical intuition rather than to verify it. The philosophy of this book is to focus attention on questions which give analysis its inherent fascination.

    It shows how causality has grown from a nebulous concept into a mathematical theory with significant applications in the fields of statistics, artificial intelligence, philosophy, cognitive science, and the health and social sciences. Pearl presents a unified account of the probabilistic, manipulative, counterfactual and structural approaches to causation, and devises simple mathematical tools for analyzing the relationships between causal connections, statistical associations, actions and observations. The book will open the way for including causal analysis in the standard curriculum of statistics, artifical intelligence, business, epidemiology, social science and economics. Students in these areas will find natural models, simple identification procedures, and precise mathematical definitions of causal concepts that traditional texts have tended to evade or make unduly complicated. This book will be of interest to professionals and students in a wide variety of fields. Anyone who wishes to elucidate meaningful relationships from data, predict effects of actions and policies, assess explanations of reported events, or form theories of causal understanding and causal speech will find this book stimulating and invaluable. Professor of Computer Science at the UCLA, Judea Pearl is the winner of the 2008 Benjamin Franklin Award in Computers and Cognitive Science.

    One can trace its roots to the Calculus of Variations and the work of Euler and Lagrange. This natural and reasonable approach to mathematical programming covers numerical methods for finite-dimensional optimization problems. It begins with very simple ideas progressing through more complicated concepts, concentrating on methods for both unconstrained and constrained optimization.

    Featuring challenging, and instructive problems from algebra, geometry, trigonometry, combinatorics, and number theory from numerous mathematical competitions and journals, this title is suitable for advanced high school and beginning college students, as well as instructors and Olympiad coaches.

    In many cases, more than one solution is given to a single problem in order to highlight different problem-solving strategies. The collection is intended as practice for students preparing for these competitions. Teachers and general readers looking for interesting problems will find also it very useful.

    How can today's computers perform such a bewildering variety of tasks if computing is just glorified arithmetic? The answer, as Martin Davis lucidly illustrates, lies in the fact that computers are essentially engines of logic. Their hardware and software embody concepts developed over centuries by logicians such as Leibniz, Boole, and Godel, culminating in the amazing insights of Alan Turing. The Universal Computer traces the development of these concepts by exploring with captivating detail the lives and work of the geniuses who first formulated them. Readers will come away with a revelatory understanding of how and why computers work and how the algorithms within them came to be.

    While in some proofs without words an equation or two may appear to help guide that process, the emphasis is clearly on providing visual clues to stimulate mathematical thought. The proofs in this collection are arranged by topic into five chapters: geometry and algebra; trigonometry, calculus and analytic geometry; inequalities; integer sums; and sequences and series. Teachers will find that many of the proofs in this collection are well suited for classroom discussion and for helping students to think visually in mathematics.

    It pro­ vides a way to describe physical quantities in three-dimensional space and the way in which these quantities vary. Many topics in the physical sciences can be analysed mathematically using the techniques of vector calculus. These top­ ics include fluid dynamics, solid mechanics and electromagnetism, all of which involve a description of vector and scalar quantities in three dimensions. This book assumes no previous knowledge of vectors. However, it is assumed that the reader has a knowledge of basic calculus, including differentiation, integration and partial differentiation. Some knowledge of linear algebra is also required, particularly the concepts of matrices and determinants. The book is designed to be self-contained, so that it is suitable for a pro­ gramme of individual study. Each of the eight chapters introduces a new topic, and to facilitate understanding of the material, frequent reference is made to physical applications. The physical nature of the subject is clarified with over sixty diagrams, which provide an important aid to the comprehension of the new concepts. Following the introduction of each new topic, worked examples are provided. It is essential that these are studied carefully, so that a full un­ derstanding is developed before moving ahead. Like much of mathematics, each section of the book is built on the foundations laid in the earlier sections and chapters.

    Presupposing only a modest background in real analysis or advanced calculus, the book offers something of value to specialists and nonspecialists alike. The text covers three major topics: metric and normed linear spaces, function spaces, and Lebesgue measure and integration on the line. In an informal, down-to-earth style, the author gives motivation and overview of new ideas, while still supplying full details and complete proofs. He provides a great many exercises and suggestions for further study.

    The Wharton School course on which the book is based is designed for students who have had some experience with probability and statistics, but who have not had advanced courses in stochastic processes.

    The in-depth focus on applications separates this book from others, and helps students to see how linear algebra can be applied to real-life situations. Some of the more contemporary topics of applied linear algebra are included here which are not normally found in undergraduate textbooks. Theoretical developments are always accompanied with detailed examples, and each section ends with a number of exercises from which students can gain further insight. Moreover, the inclusion of historical information provides personal insights into the mathematicians who developed this subject. The textbook contains numerous examples and exercises, historical notes, and comments on numerical performance and the possible pitfalls of algorithms. Solutions to all of the exercises are provided, as well as a CD-ROM containing a searchable copy of the textbook.

    Georges Ifrah, a maths teacher, gave up his job and travelled around the world to assemble a complete answer to the question, Where do numbers come from? This work covers the art and science of numeration from Magnon Man to the electronic spreadsheet; from Scandinavia to China, via the Classical World, Mesopotamia, the Arab lands, India and South America. Ifrah looks at the metric system, the binary system, all the methods, many of the false starts, and addresses the intriguing question: how did they manage all those centuries without a zero? The text is aided with figures and tables throughout.

    D. course in mathematics for economists and as a reference for graduate students in economics. It provides a self-contained, rigorous treatment of most of the concepts and techniques required to follow the standard first-year theory sequence in micro and macroeconomics. The topics covered include an introduction to analysis in metric spaces, differential calculus, comparative statics, convexity, static optimization, dynamical systems and dynamic optimization. The book includes a large number of applications to standard economic models and over two hundred fully worked-out problems.

    - Numeration, number theory, and estimation - Linear and non-linear equations - Geometry and data analysis - Student Almanac with problem-solving strategies, writing in mathematics, test-taking tips, and computer skills- Yellow Pages with glossaries of mathematical formulas, symbols, and terms

    The book comprises of chapters on differentiation of function, application of differential calculus, integration, definite integrals and improper integrals. In addition, the book consists of several solved and unsolved questions for thorough practice and revision. This book is essential for students appearing for entrance examinations like AIEEE, IIT and JEE for admission in engineering colleges of India.

    This book has grown out of that teaching experience. I assume only high-school geometry and some abstract algebra. The course begins in Chapter 1 with a critical examination of Euclid's Elements. Students are expected to read concurrently Books I-IV of Euclid's text, which must be obtained sepa- rately. The remainder of the book is an exploration of questions that arise natu- rally from this reading, together with their modern answers. To shore up the foundations we use Hilbert's axioms. The Cartesian plane over a field provides an analytic model of the theory, and conversely, we see that one can introduce coordinates into an abstract geometry. The theory of area is analyzed by cutting figures into triangles. The algebra of field extensions provides a method for deciding which geometrical constructions are possible. The investigation of the parallel postulate leads to the various non-Euclidean geometries. And in the last chapter we provide what is missing from Euclid's treatment of the five Platonic solids in Book XIII of the Elements. For a one-semester course such as I teach, Chapters 1 and 2 form the core material, which takes six to eight weeks.

    An extensive index allows the required formulas to be located swiftly and simply, and an unique tabular format crisply identifies all the variables involved. All students and professionals in physics, applied mathematics, engineering and other physical sciences will want to have this essential reference book within easy reach.

    Developments are given in elliptic curves, $p$-adic numbers, the $\zeta$-function, and the number fields. This work presents an elegant perspective on the wonder of numbers.

    His papers, problems and letters have spawned a remarkable number of later results by many different mathematicians. Here, his 37 published papers, most of his first two and last letters to Hardy, the famous 58 problems submitted to the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society, and the commentary of the original editors (Hardy, Seshu Aiyar and Wilson) are reprinted, having been unavailable for some time.

    The second half of the book can be used in more advanced courses. As pre-requisites the book assumes a general knowledge of computer systems and programming, and elementary calculus. The second edition expands on the success of the first edition by updating on technological changes in networks and responding to comprehensive market feedback.

    Same may say that ours is a very "com- mutative" way to deal with noncommutative matters; this charge we readily admit. Noncommutative geometry amounts to a program of unification of math- ematics under the aegis of the quantum apparatus, i.e., the theory of ope- rators and of C*-algebras. Largely the creation of a single person, Alain Connes, noncommutative geometry is just coming of age as the new century opens. The bible of the subject is, and will remain, Connes' Noncommuta- tive Geometry (1994), itself the "3.8-fold expansion" of the French Geome- trie non commutative ( 1990). Theseare extraordinary books, a "tapestry" of physics and mathematics, in the words of Vaughan jones, and the work of a "poet of modern science," according to Daniel Kastler, replete with subtle knowledge and insights apt to inspire several generations.

    1 of a monumental 4-volume set includes a general survey of mathematics; historical and biographical information on prominent mathematicians throughout history; material on arithmetic, numbers and the art of counting, and the mathematics of space and motion. Includes commentary by noted mathematics scholar James R. Newman. Features numerous figures.

    Some puzzles are simple, others very difficult, and their encrypted messages swing from silly to curious to profound.But Cryptorunes is much more than a book of puzzles. You'll also find engaging notes on runic alphabets and the ancient cultures from which they arose, a brief history of cryptography, guidelines for creating and solving many kinds of codes, and a wildly imaginative (but disturbingly plausible) story about the first extraterrestrial message to reach Earth. In addition to the answers, the book offers a Clues section for those who are almost able to solve a given cryptogram.

    Today algebra stands as one of the cornerstones of modern mathematics. How then did the subject evolve? How did its constituent ideas and concepts arise, and how have they changed over the years? These are the questions that the authors address in this work. The authors challenge the existing view that the development of algebra was driven by the investigation of determinate equations and in particular their solution by radicals. In short they claim that the study of indeterminate equations was no less important. Historians of mathematics, as well as working algebraists who want to look into the history of their subject, will find this an illuminating read.

    Along with finite differences and finite elements, spectral methods are one of the three main technologies for solving partial differential equations on computers. Since spectral methods involve significant linear algebra and graphics they are very suitable for the high level programming of MATLAB. This hands-on introduction is built around forty short and powerful MATLAB programs, which the reader can download from the World Wide Web. This book presents the key ideas along with many figures, examples, and short, elegant MATLAB programs for readers to adapt to their own needs. It covers ODE and PDE boundary value problems, eigenvalues and pseudospectra, linear and nonlinear waves, and numerical quadrature.

    His discovery of distributions, one of the most beautiful theories in mathematics, earned him a 1950 Fields Medal. Beyond this formidable achievement, his love for science and for teaching led him to think deeply and lecture broadly to the general public on the significance of science and mathematics to the well-being of the world. At the same time, his commitment to the social good, even at the expense of his beloved research, proved a moral compass throughout his life. The fight for human rights and his major role in the battle against the wars in Algeria and Vietnam were typical of matters close to his heart. The story of his life in the context of his century provides for future generations an inspiring testimonial from an extraordinary mathematician and thinker. Laurent Schwartz is a strategist of ideas, within mathematics and without. He is a great communicator who has drawn huge audiences and conveyed to them the fragrance of research, or the joy of teaching, or the value of freedom. His is a mind whose company is never dull. He belongs to the great libertarian tradition of France. And his book has the very French characteristic of giving serious consideration to the life of the intellect. No man's life can be encompassed in one telling, yet the spirit of the man and his times are well caught in his autobiography. (K. Chandrasekharan, Notices of the AMS)

    This book serves both as a biography of Polya's life, and a review of his many mathematical achievements by experts from a wide range of different fields. Last but not least the book finishes with two essays by Polya himself which focus on how to learn to solve problems, a subject with which he was fascinated throughout his life."

    2 of a monumental 4-volume set covers mathematics and the physical world, mathematics and social science, and the laws of chance, with non-technical essays by and about scores of eminent mathematicians, economists, scientists, and others. Individual articles by Galileo Galilei, Gregor Mendel, Thomas Robert Malthus, and many more.  Includes numerous figures.

    Through the nature of its style and contents it is ideal for both A- and AS-Level Mechanics. Key Points: * Clear text and style * Includes worked examples so that students can work alone * Exercises and examination questions

     Features up-to-date coverage of key topics such as first order equations, matrix algebra, systems, and phase plane portraits. Illustrates complex concepts through extensive detailed figures. Focuses on interpreting and solving problems through optional technology projects. For anyone interested in learning more about differential equations.

    In this problem-oriented introduction to the field, Herbert Gintis exposes students to the techniques and applications of game theory through a wealth of sophisticated and surprisingly fun-to-solve problems involving human (and even animal) behavior.Game Theory Evolving is innovative in several ways. First, it reflects game theory's expansion into such areas as cooperation in teams, networks, the evolution and diffusion of preferences, the connection between biology and economics, artificial life simulations, and experimental economics. Second, the book--recognizing that students learn by doing and that most game theory texts are weak on problems--is organized around problems, and introduces principles through practice. Finally, the quality of the problems is simply unsurpassed, and each chapter provides a study plan for instructors interested in teaching evolutionary game theory.Reflecting the growing consensus that in many important contexts outside of anonymous markets, human behavior is not well described by classical rationality, Gintis shows students how to apply game theory to model how people behave in ways that reflect the special nature of human sociality and individuality. This book is perfect for upper undergraduate and graduate economics courses as well as a terrific introduction for ambitious do-it-yourselfers throughout the behavioral sciences.

    When packaged with ALEKS Prep for Calculus, the most effective remediation tool on the market, Smith/Minton offers a complete package to ensure students success in calculus. The new edition has been updated with a reorganization of the exercise sets, making the range of exercises more transparent. Additionally, over 1,000 new classic calculus problems were added.

    This two-volume work provides an overview of this important era of mathematical research through a carefully chosen selection of articles. They provide an insight into the foundations of each of the main branches of mathematics - algebra, geometry, number theory, analysis, logic, and set theory - with narratives to show how they are linked.Classic works by Bolzano, Riemann, Hamilton, Dedekind, and Poincare are reproduced in reliable translations and many selections from writers such as Gauss, Cantor, Kronecher, and Zermelo are here translated for the first time. The collection is an invaluable source for anyone wishing to gain an understanding of the foundation of modern mathematics.

    Starting from scratch, it quickly reaches the essentials, namely, the back-and-forth method and compactness, which are illustrated with examples taken from algebra. It also introduces logic via the study of the models of arithmetic, and it gives complete but accessible exposition of stability theory.

    In a clear, concise format, he outlines the aim of the Program Ethnomathematics, which is to understand mathematical knowing/doing throughout history, within the context of different groups, communities, peoples and nations, focusing on the cycle of mathematical knowledge: its generation, its intellectual and social organization, and its diffusion. While not rejecting the importance of modern academic mathematics, it is viewed as but one among many existing ethnomathematics. Offering concrete examples and ideas for mathematics teachers and researchers, D'Ambrosio makes an eloquent appeal for an entirely new approach to conceptualizing mathematics knowledge and education that embraces diversity and addresses the urgent need to provide youth with the necessary tools to become ethical, creative, critical individuals prepared to participate in the emerging planetary society.

    Information geometry provides a new method applicable to various areas including information sciences and physical sciences. It has emerged from investigating the geometrical structures of the manifold of probability distributions, and has been applied successfully to statistical inference problems. However, it has been proved that information geometry opens a new paradigm useful for elucidation of information systems, intelligent systems, physical systems and mathematical systems.

    Bob Miller's cartoon alter ego is the guide to this course of study.

    It is intended for the working or the aspiring mathematician who is unfamiliar with algebraic geometry but wishes to gain an appreciation of its foundations and its goals with a minimum of prerequisites. Few algebraic prerequisites are presumed beyond a basic course in linear algebra.

    Discussions of numerical analysis, nonlinear dynamics and chaos, and the Dirac delta function provide an introduction to modern topics in mathematical physics.

    Suitable for all points of entry to Advanced Level with appropriate supporting material in the early sections of the books. Each chapter contains a variety of exercises and questions for practice and preparation. Extended summary sections reinforce and consolidate learning.

    This book presents the fundamental ideas and theorems from diophantine approximation.

    It com- prises all those parts of mathematics and its applications that use the struc- ture of translations and modulations (or time-frequency shifts) for the anal- ysis of functions and operators. Time-frequency analysis is a form of local Fourier analysis that treats time and frequency simultaneously and sym- metrically. My goal is a systematic exposition of the foundations of time-frequency analysis, whence the title of the book. The topics range from the elemen- tary theory of the short-time Fourier transform and classical results about the Wigner distribution via the recent theory of Gabor frames to quantita- tive methods in time-frequency analysis and the theory of pseudodifferential operators. This book is motivated by applications in signal analysis and quantum mechanics, but it is not about these applications. The main ori- entation is toward the detailed mathematical investigation of the rich and elegant structures underlying time-frequency analysis. Time-frequency analysis originates in the early development of quantum mechanics by H. Weyl, E. Wigner, and J. von Neumann around 1930, and in the theoretical foundation of information theory and signal analysis by D.

    Graphs and Applications is based on a highly successful Open University course and the authors have paid particular attention to the presentation, clarity and arrangement of the material, making it ideally suited for independent study and classroom use. Includes a large number of examples, problems and exercises.

    In this volume, Paul Cohn provides a clear and structured introduction to the subject.After a chapter on the definition of rings and modules there are brief accounts of Artinian rings, commutative Noetherian rings and ring constructions, such as the direct product. Tensor product and rings of fractions, followed by a description of free rings. The reader is assumed to have a basic understanding of set theory, group theory and vector spaces. Over two hundred carefully selected exercises are included, most with outline solutions.

    This book gives a very elementary introduction to this interesting and rapidly growing area of mathematics. The authors cover the basic properties of the functors K and K1 and their interrelationship. In particular, the Bott periodicity theorem is proved (Atiyah's proof), and the six-term exact sequence is derived. The theory is well illustrated with 120 exercises and examples, making the book ideal for beginning graduate students in functional analysis, especially operator algebras, and for researchers from other areas of mathematics who want to learn about this subject.

    This book is intended to introduce readers to the major geometrical topics taught at undergraduate level, in a manner that is both accessible and rigorous. The author uses world measurement as a synonym for geometry - hence the importance of numbers, coordinates and their manipulation - and has included over 300 exercises, with answers to most of them. The text includes such topics as: - Coordinates- Euclidean plane geometry- Complex numbers- Solid geometry- Conics and quadratic surfaces- Spherical geometry- QuaternionsIt is suitable for all undergraduate geometry courses, but it is also a useful resource for advanced sixth formers, research mathematicians, and those taking courses in physics, introductory astronomy and other science subjects.

    The theory underlying current computational optimization techniques grows ever more sophisticated. The powerful and elegant language of convex analysis unifies much of this theory. The aim of this book is to provide a concise, accessible account of convex analysis and its applications and extensions, for a broad audience. It can serve as a teaching text, at roughly the level of first year graduate students. While the main body of the text is self-contained, each section concludes with an often extensive set of optional exercises. The new edition adds material on semismooth optimization, as well as several new proofs that will make this book even more self-contained.

    Arild Stubhaug, who is both a historian and a mathematician, has written the definitive biography of Niels Henrik Abel. The Norwegian original edition was a sensational success, and Arild Stubhaug was awarded the most prestigious Norwegian literary prize (Brageprisen) in the category non-fiction. Everyone with an interest in the history of mathematics and science will enjoy reading this book on one of the most famous mathematicians of the 19th century.

    He presents a series of statistical methods that can test, and potentially discover, cause-effect relationships between variables in situations where it is not possible to conduct randomized, or experimentally controlled, studies. Many of these methods are quite new and most are generally unknown to biologists. Besides describing how to conduct these statistical tests, he also puts the methods into historical context and explains when they can and cannot justifiably be used to test causal claims. Hb ISBN (2000); 0-521-79153-7

    Mathematicians have made their reputations by solving some of them like Fermat's last theorem, but several remain unsolved including the Riemann Hypotheses, which has eluded all the great minds of this century. A hundred years later, this book takes a fresh look at the problems, the man who set them, and the reasons for their lasting impact on the mathematics of the twentieth century. In this fascinating book, the authors consider what makes this the pre-eminent collection of problems in mathematics, what they tell us about what drives mathematicians, and the nature of reputation, influence and power in the world of modern mathematics. It is written in a clear and entertaining style and will appeal to anyone with interest in mathematics or those mathematicians willing to try their hand at these problems.

    This volume brings together articles from well known figures in this area, and provides many insights, both in particular cases and in generality, into how the history of mathematics can find application in the teaching of mathematics itself. Educators at all levels, and mathematicians interested in the history of their subject, will find much of interest in this book.

    The material can be roughly divided into three different types: classical, standard but sometimes with a new twist, and recent. The author first studies basic covering theorems and their applications to analysis in metric measure spaces. This is followed by a discussion on Sobolev spaces emphasizing principles that are valid in larger contexts. The last few sections of the book present a basic theory of quasisymmetric maps between metric spaces. Much of the material is recent and appears for the first time in book format.

    The first chapter deals with the three two-dimensional spaces of constant curvature, requiring only elementary methods and no Lie theory. It is remarkably accessible and would be suitable for a first-year graduate course. The remainder of the book covers more advanced topics, including the work of Harish-Chandra and others, but especially that of Helgason himself. Indeed, the exposition can be seen as an account of the author's tremendous contributions to the subject. Chapter I deals with modern integral geometry and Radon transforms. The second chapter examines the interconnection between Lie groups and differential operators. Chapter IV develops the theory of spherical functions on semisimple Lie groups with a certain degree of completeness, including a study of Harish-Chandra's $c$-function. The treatment of analysis on compact symmetric spaces (Chapter V) includes some finite-dimensional representation theory for compact Lie groups and Fourier analysis on compact groups. Each chapter ends with exercises (with solutions given at the end of the book!) and historical notes. This book, which is new to the AMS publishing program, is an excellent example of the author's well-known clear and careful writing style. It has become the standard text for the study of spherical functions and invariant differential operators on symmetric spaces. Sigurdur Helgason was awarded the Steele Prize for Groups and Geometric Analysis and the companion volume, Differential Geometry, Lie Groups and Symmetric Spaces.

    They are also now useful to financial, economic and biological modellers as these disciplines become more quantitative. Any problem that has underlying linearity and with solution based on initial values can be expressed as an appropriate differential equation and hence be solved using Laplace transforms.In this book, there is a strong emphasis on application with the necessary mathematical grounding. There are plenty of worked examples with all solutions provided. This enlarged new edition includes generalised Fourier series and a completely new chapter on wavelets.Only knowledge of elementary trigonometry and calculus are required as prerequisites. An Introduction to Laplace Transforms and Fourier Series will be useful for second and third year undergraduate students in engineering, physics or mathematics, as well as for graduates in any discipline such as financial mathematics, econometrics and biological modelling requiring techniques for solving initial value problems.

    The selection demonstrates the wide variety of attractive articles that have appeared over the years, ranging from general interest articles of a historical nature to lucid expositions of important current discoveries. Each article is introduced by the editors. "...The Mathematical Intelligencer publishes stylish, well-illustrated articles, rich in ideas and usually short on proofs. ...Many, but not all articles fall within the reach of the advanced undergraduate mathematics major. ... This book makes a nice addition to any undergraduate mathematics collection that does not already sport back issues of The Mathematical Intelligencer." D.V. Feldman, University of New Hamphire, CHOICE Reviews, June 2001.

    This 32-page book includes answers. Instructions and Detailed Solutions covers all books in the

    This two-volume work provides an overview of this important era of mathematical research through a carefully chosen selection of articles. They provide an insight into the foundations of each of the main branches of mathematics - algebra, geometry, number theory, analysis, logic, and set theory - with narratives to show how they are linked. Classic works by Bolzano, Riemann, Hamilton, Dedekind, and Poincare are reproduced in reliable translations and many selections from writers such as Gauss, Cantor, Kronecker, and Zermelo are here translated for the first time. The collection is an invaluable source for anyone wishing to gain an understanding of the foundation of modern mathematics.

    It proceeds from familiar concepts to the unfamiliar, from the concrete to the abstract. Readers consistently praise this outstanding text for its expository style and clarity of presentation.

    

    Throughout it are large exercise sets well-integrated with the text and varying appropriately from easy to hard. Basic issues are treated, and attention is given to small issues like not placing a mathematical symbol directly after a punctuation mark. And it provides many examples of what students should think and what they should write and how these two are often not the same.

    The prerequisites for reading it are a standard undergraduate knowledge of linear algebra and real analysis (including the t- ory of metric spaces). Part of the development of functional analysis can be traced to attempts to ?nd a suitable framework in which to discuss di?erential and integral equations. Often, the appropriate setting turned out to be a vector space of real or complex-valued functions de?ned on some set. In general, such a v- tor space is in?nite-dimensional. This leads to di?culties in that, although many of the elementary properties of ?nite-dimensional vector spaces hold in in?nite-dimensional vector spaces, many others do not. For example, in general in?nite-dimensional vector spaces there is no framework in which to make sense of analytic concepts such as convergence and continuity. Nevertheless, on the spaces of most interest to us there is often a norm (which extends the idea of the length of a vector to a somewhat more abstract setting). Since a norm on a vector space gives rise to a metric on the space, it is now possible to do analysis in the space. As real or complex-valued functions are often called functionals, the term functional analysis came to be used for this topic. We now brie?y outline the contents of the book.

    

    The Indian School, led by Professors C.R. Rao and S.K. Mitra, successfully employed this approach. This book follows their approach and systematically develops the elementary parts of matrix theory, exploiting the properties of row and column spaces of matrices. Developments in linear algebra have brought into focus several techniques not included in basic texts, such as rank-factorization, generalized inverses, and singular value decomposition. These techniques are actually simple enough to be taught at the advanced undergraduate level. When properly used, they provide a better understanding of the topic and give simpler proofs, making the subject more accessible to students. This book explains these techniques.

    "

    Numerous exercises reinforce teachings of each chapter. "...an elegant piece of work suitable for the beginning student and the mature mathematician." — Scripta Mathematica. Second edition.