Best of
Art-Design

2004

Sophie Calle - True Stories


Sophie Calle - 2004
    Calle's projects have frequently drawn on episodes from her own life, but this book-part visual memoir, part meditation on the resonances of photographs and belongings-is as close as she has come to producing an autobiography, albeit one highly poetical and fragmentary. The first section is composed of various reflections on objects such as a shoe, a postcard, a bathrobe and a bed, or musings on the artist's body, such as "The Love Letter": "For years a love letter languished on my desk. I had never received a love letter, so I paid a public scribe to write one. Eight days later, I received seven beautiful pages of pure poetry penned in ink. It had cost me one hundred francs and the man said: '...as for myself, without moving from my chair I was everywhere with you.'" The second section of the book, "The Husband," is comprised of ten recollections of episodes from Calle's first marriage, by turns funny ("He was an unreliable man. For our first date he showed up one year late."), erotic and sad. A third section gathers various autobiographical tales, and the book closes with three interlinked stories titled "Monique." This new edition includes five new photo-text presentations and is the first English translation.Sophie Calle (born 1953) is a French writer, photographer, installation artist and conceptual artist. Among her many publications are "The Address Book," "Blind," "Take Care of Yourself" and "Double Game."

Leonora Carrington: Surrealism, Alchemy and Art


Susan L. Aberth - 2004
    nineteen-year-old debutante, she escaped the stultifying demands of her wealthy English family by running away to Paris with her lover Max Ernst. She was immediately championed by Andre Breton, who responded enthusiastically to her fantastical, dark and satirical writing style and her interest in fairy tales and the occult. Her stories were included in Surrealist publications, and her paintings in the Surrealists' exhibitions. ended up in the 1940s as part of the circle of Surrealist European emigres living in Mexico City. Close friends with Luis Bunuel, Benjamin Peret, Octavio Paz and a host of both expatriate Surrealists and Mexican modernists, Carrington was at the centre of Mexican cultural life, while still maintaining her European connections. overview of this intriguing artist's rich body of work. The author considers Carrington's preoccupation with alchemy and the occult, and explores the influence of indigenous Mexican culture and beliefs on her production.

Sophie Calle: Did You See Me?


Christine Macel - 2004
    The work of conceptual artist Sophie Calle embraces numerous media: photography, storytelling, film, and memoir, to name a few. Often controversial, Calle's projects explore issues of voyeurism, intimacy, and identity as she secretly investigates, reconstructs and documents the lives of strangers - whether she is inviting them to sleep in her bed, trailing them through a hotel, or following them through the city. Taking on multiple roles - detective, documentarian, behavioral scientist and diarist - Calle turns the interplay between life and art on its head. The book presents Calle's best-known works, including "The Blind," "No Sex Last Night," "The Hotel," "The Address Book" and "A Woman Vanishes," as well as lesser known and earlier projects that have largely escaped the public eye. The book also includes diary excerpts and video stills, along with three critical essays, a revealing interview with the artist and a dialogue with fellow artist Damien Hirst.

The Penland Book of Handmade Books: Master Classes in Bookmaking Techniques


Jane LaFerla - 2004
    Now it’s available to everyone, in a technical and inspirational guide that showcases 10 contemporary book artists who have taught at the institution. Four hundred illuminating photographs highlight the crafters as each one demonstrates all the details of his or her particular expertise. Marvel at the beauty of Dolph Smith’s sculptural books, the exquisite structure of Jim Croft’s carved wood covers and metal closures, the intricacies of Barbara Mauriello’s handmade boxes and slipcases, and the secrets of Carol Barton’s playful pop-ups. Reflective essays by all the artists add to the creative excitement visible on every page and in every spectacular project.

Hockney Pictures


Gregory Evans - 2004
    Including more than 300 illustrations, accompanied by quotes from the artist that illuminate the passionate thinking behind the work, Hockney’s Pictures shows the evolution and diversity of Hockney’s paintings, drawings, watercolors, prints, and photography, confirming and reinforcing his position as one of the world’s most popular living artists.

Illustrating Children's Books: Creating Pictures for Publication


Martin Salisbury - 2004
    This unusual and inspiring book was written for art students and ambitious beginners. It instructs on methods of developing both imaginative powers and the technical artistic skills to produce high quality illustrations that will please authors and children s book editors. Separate chapters focus on:Media, materials, and techniquesDeveloping different drawing styles to fit specific storytelling methodsInstilling visual personality traits in story charactersCreating effective sequential images for storyboards and picture book outlinesDesign, typography, and preparation for printIllustrating story books for older childrenIllustrating nonfiction and educational booksBreaking into the children s book publishing businessHere is solid, practical instruction for students of book illustration, enhanced with more than 250 how-to illustrations in color and black-and-white.

Color: A Workshop for Artists and Designers


David Hornung - 2004
    With its sequence of specially designed assignments and in-depth discussions, it effectively bridges the gap between color theory and practice to inspire confidence and understanding in anyone who works with color. Generously illustrated—including all-new, contemporary examples—this book provides a unique set of tools that make the complex theory of color accessible and practical.

It Is Beautiful...Then Gone


Martin Venezky - 2004
    While he is adept at operating a mouse, he is just as comfortable cutting and pasting type from old books or collaging found signs or making his own photographs. What results are the unique creations of a unique eye. And with this eye and his design firm, Appetite Engineers, Venezky has created beautiful and influential work for Speak and Open magazines, the Sundance Film Festival, Reebok, and numerous publishers and institutions. It Is Beautiful...Then Gone presents Venzky's commercial design work as well as new graphic work created for the book; details of the wall collage that define his office and his aesthetic; the singular photography, collections, and notebooks that define his personality; and text that explains -- or at least questions -- it all. Venezky's philosophy that life and design are a continuation of each other permeates this elegant book filled with hundreds of idiosyncratic, deeply wrought examples.

Visions of Japan: Kawase Hasui's Masterpieces


Kawase Hasui - 2004
    Fully illustrated, this publication includes annotated descriptions for each work, as well as two essays on Hasui's life and work by Dr. Kendall H. Brown." Kawase Hasui (1883-1957) is considered the foremost Japanese landscape print artist of the 20th century, and he is most closely associated with the pioneering Shin-hanga (New prints) publisher Watanabe Shozaburo (1885-1962). Hasui's work became hugely popular, not only in his native Japan but also in the West, especially in the United States. His valuable contribution to the woodblock print medium was acknowledged in 1956, a year before his death, when he was honoured with the distinction of 'Living National Treasure'.

Timeless Toys: Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them


Tim Walsh - 2004
    . . It appeals to the kid in everybody." That same kind of magic captures "the kid in everybody" when they pick up Timeless Toys: Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them. Timeless Toys represents one of the finest documentaries and displays of modern toys ever written. Author Tim Walsh, a successful toy inventor himself, reveals a world of commerce, toys, and wonder that is equally fun, fascinating, and nostalgic. Readers of every age and background will find it impossible to pick up this book, turn a few pages, and not become spellbound by its insightful stories and the personal memories that the text and 420 brilliantly colored photographs bring forth. Slinky, Lego, Tonka trucks, Monopoly, Big Wheel, Frisbee, Hula Hoop, Super Ball, Scrabble, Barbie, Radio Flyer Wagons: All of these and many, many more are featured in this fascinating tome, along with the toys' histories, insider profiles, and rare interviews with toy industry icons. It's simply magic! Vote for your favorite toy and be part of VH1's "I Love Toys," a show currently in production, set to air next spring. It will be a five-hour toyathon on the top 100 toys of all time. Click here to vote for your favorite toy of all time!

Googie Redux: Ultramodern Roadside Architecture


Alan Hess - 2004
    Emblematic of Southern California car culture, stylized eateries and other roadside buildings built from the 1930s to the 1950s were dismissed as lowbrow stylistic folly in their heyday. Yet, as Alan Hess points out, in many ways they were the realization of modern architecture's grand promises. They were populist, employed new materials, and captured their purpose, place, and culture as vividly as any great architectural style. The influential original edition helped to spark a robust preservation movement and kick-started the reappreciation of mid-century architecture and design. This latest edition features extensive up-to-date research and dozens of rarely seen and newly found photographs. Googie Redux is the definitive document of a style born in California that has spread to all corners of the world.

All-American Ads of the 70s


Steven Heller - 2004
    More literal, more in-your-face, 70s ads sought to capture the attention of a public accustomed to blaring, to-the-point TV commercials (even VW ads, known for their witty, ironic statements and minimalist designs, lost some of their punch in the 1970s). All was not lost, though; as ads are a sign of the times, racial and ecological awareness crept into everything from cigarette to car advertisements, reminding Americans that everyday products were hip to the modern age. A fascinating study of mass culture dissemination in a post-hippie, television-obsessed nation, this weighty volume delivers an exhaustive and nostalgic overview of 70s advertising.

Art of Modern Rock: The Poster Explosion


Paul Grushkin - 2004
    An art form that has grown hand-in-hand with the independent music scene, heralding small and large gigs alike, the posters have emerged from visually creative street-level notices to prized collectibles rendered in a variety of styles and media. Today's poster artists combine the expressive freedom pioneered in the poster revolution of the 1960s with the attitude and the do-it-yourself approach of the punk scene, creating an unprecedented surge of innovative poster production on an international scale. Featuring over 1,600 exemplary rock posters and flyers from over 200 international studios and artists, Art of Modern Rock is the long-anticipated sequel to coauthor Paul Grushkin's The Art of Rock. Profiles and quotes from the pioneers in the field and their emerging heirs share nearly 500 gloriously packed pages of poster after mind-blowing poster. As brash and colorful as the burgeoning scene it documents, Art of Modern Rock is the must-have book for music and poster fans and collectors.

The Push Pin Graphic: A Quarter Century of Innovative Design and Illustration


Seymour Chwast - 2004
    Founding member Seymour Chwast partners with key figures from the design community -- as well as co-founder Milton Glaser -- to provide a visual history of the studio by way of its signature publication, The Push Pin Graphic. Hundreds of memorable covers and spreads culled from each of the eighty-six inspired and imaginative issues confirms Push Pin's vital role in setting the design curve and influencing the direction of modern visual style. The Push Pin Graphic is the first comprehensive account of a design milestone that continues to influence designers to this day.

Creative Authenticity: 16 Principles to Clarify and Deepen Your Artistic Vision


Ian Roberts - 2004
    These crippling fears are laid to rest through insightful discussions of personal experiences, the struggles of famous artists, and the rewards of producing art that comes from an authentic creative core. Providing sensitive reassurances that these struggles are normal, these essays encourage artists to focus on the development of their crafts and find inspiration to work through self-doubt.

Georgia O'Keeffe and New Mexico: A Sense of Place


Barbara Buhler Lynes - 2004
    In 1929, she began spending part of almost every year painting there, first in Taos, and subsequently in and around Alcalde, Abiquiu, and Ghost Ranch, with occasional excursions to remote sites she found particularly compelling. Georgia O'Keeffe and New Mexico is the first book to analyze the artist's famous depictions of these Southwestern landscapes.Beautifully illustrated and gracefully written, the book accompanies an exhibition of the same name at the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum in Santa Fe, New Mexico. It reproduces the exhibition's 50 paintings and includes striking photographs of the sites that inspired them as well as diagrams of the region's distinctive geology. The book examines the magnificence of O'Keeffe's work through essays by three noted authors. Barbara Buhler Lynes, Curator of the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum and organizer of the exhibition, discusses the relationship of the artist's paintings to the places that inspired her.Frederick Turner offers an illuminating essay contrasting O'Keeffe's fabled aloofness from the well-established art colony in Santa Fe with her intense closeness to the local landscape she so fiercely loved. Lesley Poling-Kempes furnishes a fascinating chronicle of O'Keeffe's years in the region as well as a useful explanation of the geological forces that produced the intense colors and dramatic shapes of the landscapes O'Keeffe painted.EXHIBIT SCHEDULE: ? Georgia O'Keeffe MuseumSanta Fe, New MexicoJune 11-September 12, 2004 Columbus Museum of ArtColumbus, OhioOctober 1, 2004-January 16, 2005 Albright-Knox Art GalleryBuffalo, New YorkJanuary 28-May 08, 2005

Karsh: A Biography in Images


Yousuf Karsh - 2004
    Karsh: A Biography In Images is a full revision of the 1996 60-year retrospective of his work and brings that popular catalogue back into print in an affordable paperback format. This new edition covers the photographer's career with greater breadth than its previous incarnation, adding works from his early experiments and his photojournalism commissions in Canada. Karsh's reputation as one of the most sought-after portrait photographers of the twentieth century is well established. A roll call of his subjects is a veritable who's who of the modern age--Winston Churchill, Jacqueline Kennedy, Pablo Picasso, Walt Disney, Elizabeth Taylor and Albert Einstein, to name just a few--and this book features many of these figures, in some of the most recognized images of our time. But added to the portraits are a number of lesser-known or previously unpublished photographs--early figure studies, atmospheric views of the Ottawa theatre and scenes of wheat fields, city streets and factories across Canada. With its long autobiographical essay and extensive captions for each photo, many of them new to this edition, Karsh: A Biography In Images is both an elegant celebration and an indispensable overview of a life lived in photography. Yousuf Karsh passed away last year.

Thinking with Type


Ellen Lupton - 2004
    What type of font to use? How big? How should those letters, words, and paragraphs be aligned, spaced, ordered, shaped, and otherwise manipulated? In this groundbreaking new primer, leading design educator and historian Ellen Lupton provides clear and concise guidance for anyone learning or brushing up on their typographic skills. Thinking with Type is divided into three sections: letter, text, and grid. Each section begins with an easy-to-grasp essay that reviews historical, technological, and theoretical concepts, and is then followed by a set of practical exercises that bring the material covered to life. Sections conclude with examples of work by leading practitioners that demonstrate creative possibilities (along with some classic no-no's to avoid).

Forms, Folds, and Sizes: All the Details Graphic Designers Need to Know but Can Never Find


Poppy Evans - 2004
    Completely practical with only the most needed information, this book will provide designers with all the little details that can make or break a design such as how much space to leave in the gutter when designing barrel folds, how to layout a template for a box and the ratios of each part, metric conversion charts, standard envelope sizes in the USA, Europe, Canada and Asia, etc. This hardworking handbook is 2-color with a durable soft vinyl cover.

Sin-A-Rama: Sleaze Sex Paperbacks of the Sixties


Brittany A. Daley - 2004
    And so the emphasis in this first-rate celebration is on the covers, with hundreds reproduced in what looks like accurate (i.e., soul-shocking) color.”—Publishers Weekly

Men's Adventure Magazines


Max Allan Collins - 2004
    Hefty comprehensive guide to postwar American men's adventure magazines; includes descriptions of history, culture and artistry of the magazines of the 1950s-1970s.

Under the Spell of the Moon


Patricia Aldana - 2004
    They have donated the use of their art exclusively for this book so that a royalty on all sales can be given to the International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY).This organization, at the heart of whose mandate lies the promotion of books of the highest quality, has been honoring illustrators through the Hans Christian Andersen Awards for many decades. It is in honor of this work that many of the world's greatest illustrators for children, from Andersen winners to unknown but talented newcomers, have agreed to participate in this celebratory anthology.

The Architecture and Design of Man and Woman: The Marvel of the Human Body, Revealed


Alexander Tsiaras - 2004
    . . Revolutionary computer images from the creator of "From Conception to Birth" reveal the wonders and complexities of every system in the male and female bodies. The human body is a marvel of engineering. From the muscular and skeletal systems of the hand working in concert to allow us to type, eat, and caress, to the circadian rhythms of the heart and digestive system keeping things moving despite our consciousness being elsewhere, our bodies are far more complex and awe inspiring than any man-made creation. Not since Andreas Vesalius's "On the Fabric of the Human Body, "illustrated by the scholar in the mid-16th century, has there been a work examining human anatomy for both the scientific and lay communities. "The Architecture and Design of Man and Woman" is the ultimate illustrated look at the internal structures and processes that sustain us as living, thinking, social beings. Using the most advanced medical and computer technology--including body scans, ultrapowerful microscopes, and molecular surveillance tools--Alexander Tsiaras, founder of a widely acclaimed medical-imaging company, hones in on the body's intricately constructed systems and isolates structures that have never been seen before. In more than 500 astonishing images, he dismantles each system, highlights the anatomical difference between men and women, and rebuilds the body from the molecular level on up. Barry Werth's lyrical, informative text enhances the power of the images, providing an array of startling and fascinating facts. "The Architecture and Design of Man and Woman" is a milestone in science, art, and technology. As Werth writes in the Introduction, "For the first time we see the body not "like" something, or represented by human hands, or as a grainy negative or video, but very nearly as it is."

Devil in Design: Krampus


Monte Beauchamp - 2004
    Lavishly illustrated with over a 150 striking and stylized full-page examples, the book also includes a short introduction tracing the character's origin and its overwhelming popularity throughout Europe. In the Christmas traditions of Europe, the Krampus is Saint Nicholas's dark servant--a hairy, horned, supernatural beast whose pointed ears and long slithering tongue gave misbehavers the creeps! Whereas Saint Nicholas would reward children who had been good all year with treats, those that had been disobedient were paid a visit by the Krampus. The Krampus terrorized the bad until they promised to be good. Some he'd spank; others he'd whip, while others he'd shackle, stuff into his large wooden basket, and then hurl into the flames of Hell! Such scenarios were delineated by skilled and imaginative Old World craftsmen, printed on penny postcards and disseminated throughout Europe. The Devil in Design is the first English-language book to offer this breathtaking collection of the finest, rarest, and most visually-stunning Krampus cards history has left to offer.

Wanderlust


Troy M. Litten** - 2004
    Litten's photographs -- over 400 of them -- celebrate the too-often-overlooked moments between destinations that are every bit a part of the pleasure of travel. Here are Japanese transit lockers decorated with cherry blossoms, exuberant London postcard racks, hand-painted Indian signs, Bangkok night market displays, cheap hotel decor in Buenos Aires, feather duster salesmen in Rio, and mannequin faces in Istanbul. As exquisitely designed as Litten's successful Wanderlust Gift line, this visually adventurous book delivers a globe-hopping trip full of sensual delights for both armchair and insatiable world travelers.

Matchbox Labels: Over 2,000 Elegant Examples from All Over the World


Jane Smith - 2004
    But you don't have to be one to love these tiny works of art. The popularity of collecting matchboxes is growing because they are affordable and a joy to look at.Matchbox Labels features 2.400 of the best specimens, chosen for their charm and beauty. The matchbook labels are organized geographically, sorted within each group by theme, and captioned with insightful text.The book covers selections from:Scandinavia Europe Eastern Europe Russia South East Asia, China and Japan India and Pakistan Great Britain and North America. The labels range from minute works of socialist realism from the former USSR to marvelous naive animal and bird pictures from southern India and sophisticated graphics and illustrations from Japan.A brief introduction offers a concise history of matchbook art and provides helpful advice on how to start, gather and organize a collection of your own.Matchbox Labels is an eye-catching and fascinating reference for art lovers, designers and collectors.

Karel Martens: Counterprint


Karl von Martens - 2004
    Using metal plates, washers, and other found objects, Martens created prints in small numbers and as single objects. Karel Martens: Counterprint is the first publication devoted to Martens's prints. Printed in a limited edition of 2,000 and bound with folded, uncut leaves -- like his best-selling design monograph Printed Matter -- Counterprint is more than a book; it is an art object that will be valued by artists, typographers, and graphic designers for its extraordinary content and high-quality production and design. Carel Kuitenbrouwer provides a short introduction and Paul Elliman contributes an essay entitled "The World as a Printing Surface."

Format


Gavin Ambrose - 2004
    Format, the first entry, concerns the physical dimensions of a product and the space one has to present the graphic elements of a design: the size of a book, the scale of a poster, the folds in a brochure. This instructive handbook examines in detail books, magazines, posters, direct mail, brochures, and Web pages to see how effectively they communicate, how appealing they look, and how strong an impact they make on the user. The original ideas showcased throughout are inspirational.

Mutabor Lingua Universalis: Global Wordless Understanding


Johannes Plass - 2004
    The expectations of fans of its predecessor will not be disappointed - Imperium Imaginum also features a structured portfolio of the latest logos and icons done by the Mutabor design studio. Imperium Imaginum explains the process behind logo creation from the perspective of the award-winning creative team. Mutabor breaks down the development of various logos into a series of steps. This visual presentation shows designers examples of how they can approach complex and abstract subjects in logo design. With Imperium Imaginum, another book has been created which will serve designers worldwide as both a source of inspiration and a practical reference work.

Design!: A Lively Guide to Design Basics for Artists Craftspeople


Steven Aimone - 2004
    Through hundreds of photographs and accessible text, even the most abstract design concepts—such as rhythm and balance—become easy to visualize and understand. Find out how to manipulate visual elements, work within the design space, create attractive symmetrical arrangements, establish a focal point, and more. Examples of good design range from ceramics, jewelry, architecture, and painting to clothing, hair styling, gardening, sushi, and vintage movie posters. Plus, guided exercises help users grasp each principle.

Zen Brushwork: Focusing the Mind with Calligraphy and Painting


Tanchu Terayama - 2004
    Now, master calligrapher Tanchu Terayama explains the techniques behind this subtle art and offers step-by-step instructions for practicing it on a professional level.After introducing the basics, Terayama presents a unique meditative warm-up to establish the proper mental attitude needed to release one's creative energies. Next, the power of the brushed line is explained and demonstrated. What makes a good line or a bad one, an expressive effort or an unfocused one? Lessons on brushing symbolic Japanese characters follow, including those for "emptiness," "nothingness," and "flower." The painting section shows readers how to draw the spare yet elegant pictorial themes of this classic art: bamboo, plum blossoms, Mount Fuji, and the inspirational Zen priest Daruma.If the exercises are the heart of the book, the Appreciation section is the soul. This chapter introduces classic works from renowned priests and other historical figures, including Miyamoto Musashi (the celebrated swordsman and author of The Book of Five Rings), Morihei Ueshiba (the founder of aikido), Jigoro Kano (the father of judo), and Zen priest Hakuin. Each masterpiece is accompanied by penetrating commentary on the strengths and salient features of the work.Rarely has Zen calligraphy been demonstrated and discussed with such candor and insight. Illuminating yet another side of Zen, Zen Brushwork will be an invaluable source to those interested in meditation, Zen, Buddhism, the martial arts, and Oriental traditions in general.CONTENTSIntroductionPart I BackgroundWhat is Zen Calligraphy?The Evolution of KanjiThe Fundamentals of CalligraphyThe Four Treasures of CalligraphyHitsuzendoPart II Preparation-Warming Up and Developing KiThe Zen LineYoki-ho: A Method of Developing Ki and Warming-Upwarm-up exercise 1: Yoki-ho: The Long Versionwarm-up exercise 2: The Short Form of Yoki-ho: A Five-Minute Exercisewarm-up exercise 3: Kusho: Writing in the AirPart III Zen Calligraphy and PaintingBasic PracticeThe Zen Line and Its Applicationsexercise 1: Mujibo (The Zen Line)exercise 2: Enso (The Zen Circle)exercise 3: Horizontal and Vertical Linesexercise 4: Fine LinesTensho (Seal Script)exercise 5: So (Grass) and a Practice LineKaisho (Standard Script)exercise 6: Sho (Calligraphy) and Practice LinesFurther PracticeSosho (Grass Script)exercise 7: Mu (Nothing)exercise 8: Hana (Flower)exercise 9: Ku (Emptiness)exercise 10: Mu Ichi Motsu (Owning No-thing)exercise 11: Ichigyo Zanmai (Be in the Moment)Writing Western Scriptexercise 12: Writing Western Script: ABCexercise 13: Shodo (Calligraphy)Paintingexercise 14: Orchidexercise 15: Bambooexercise 16: Plum Blossoms (with inscription)exercise 17: Mount Fujiexercise 18: Darumaexercise 19: Wall-Gazing Darumaexercise 20: "One-Stroke" Darumaexercise 21: Ji-Wa-Choku (Compassion, Harmony, Honesty)Part IV AppreciationWorks by Old MastersWorks by Terayama TanchuGlossaryWhat is Zen Calligraphy?Calligraphy (sho) is a formative art based on writing. It includes not only writing that is beautiful, but phrases that are novel and interesting. According to the Japanese philosopher Nishida Kitaro (1870-1945; see figure 1), true creativity is not the product of a conscious effort but rather the "phenomenon of life itself." True creation must arise from mu-shin, or the state of "no-mind," a state beyond thought, emotions, and expectations. Work that is produced through conscious effort is ultimately devoid of life.Zen calligraphy in particular must spring from shonen sozoku, a Buddhist term equivalent to "true thought." Shonen is a state of full concentration that is devoid of thoughts and ideas, while sozoku here means "free-flowing continuity." Greatness in brushwork cannot be achieved through conscious effort; it is only achieved through the states of mu-shin and shonen sozuku, or "no-mind" and a continuous state free of the thoughts and ideas that distract the mind.Zen calligraphy differs from other calligraphic disciplines as it is focused on the realization of "no-mind." Furthermore, in contrast tosho, which uses Chinese characters as a basis, it is the expression of Zen through a brush, whether the result is a single stroke, a Zen circle, or an ink painting. While sho is restricted to brushed writing, Zen calligraphy extends to other forms of brushwork.Nearly all calligraphy today is born of conscious attention to an aesthetic concept, but we rarely find lines that are truly alive. In contrast, the calligraphy of Zen masters such as Daito Kokushi (1282-1337; founder of Daitokuji temple in Kyoto) or Ikkyu Sojun (1394-1481) resonates with the energy of "no-mind" achieved through complete concentration. In these works, the lines are filled with vitality and the shapes are fresh and original.Sen no Rikyu (1522-91), who established many of the basic precepts of the tea ceremony, held that nothing surpassed Zen calligraphy as a subject for display in the alcove of the tea room. He undoubtedly felt that only art works that reflect the eternal vitality of Zen writings could encourage the mind toward enlightenment.Rikyu recognized that calligraphy necessarily demands the highest level of spirituality. A line that manifests clarity cannot be drawn if the heart is clouded by worldly concerns; a stroke cannot be brushed with resolution if the heart is agitated; and calligraphy that reveals depth cannot be produced if cultivation and experience are shallow.To write kanji characters that resonate and demonstrate their deeper meaning, one's own mind must achieve unity with the meaning of the words-a requirement that calls for a higher level of spirituality. The calligrapher, therefore, must strive for the state of "no-mind" through meditation and contemplation.