The Art of Problem Solving, Volume 1, is the classic problem solving textbook used by many successful MATHCOUNTS programs, and have been an important building block for students who, like the authors, performed well enough on the American Mathematics Contest series to qualify for the Math Olympiad Summer Program which trains students for the United States International Math Olympiad team.Volume 1 is appropriate for students just beginning in math contests. MATHCOUNTS and novice high school students particularly have found it invaluable. Although the Art of Problem Solving is widely used by students preparing for mathematics competitions, the book is not just a collection of tricks. The emphasis on learning and understanding methods rather than memorizing formulas enables students to solve large classes of problems beyond those presented in the book.Speaking of problems, the Art of Problem Solving, Volume 1, contains over 500 examples and exercises culled from such contests as MATHCOUNTS, the Mandelbrot Competition, the AMC tests, and ARML. Full solutions (not just answers!) are available for all the problems in the solution manual.

    

    Offering inspiration and intellectual delight, the problems throughout the book encourage students to express their ideas in writing to explain how they conceive problems, what conjectures they make, and what conclusions they reach. Applying specific techniques and strategies, readers will acquire a solid understanding of the fundamental concepts and ideas of number theory.

    Evolutionary Dynamics is concerned with these equations of life. In this book, Martin A. Nowak draws on the languages of biology and mathematics to outline the mathematical principles according to which life evolves. His work introduces readers to the powerful yet simple laws that govern the evolution of living systems, no matter how complicated they might seem. Evolution has become a mathematical theory, Nowak suggests, and any idea of an evolutionary process or mechanism should be studied in the context of the mathematical equations of evolutionary dynamics. His book presents a range of analytical tools that can be used to this end: fitness landscapes, mutation matrices, genomic sequence space, random drift, quasispecies, replicators, the Prisoner's Dilemma, games in finite and infinite populations, evolutionary graph theory, games on grids, evolutionary kaleidoscopes, fractals, and spatial chaos. Nowak then shows how evolutionary dynamics applies to critical real-world problems, including the progression of viral diseases such as AIDS, the virulence of infectious agents, the unpredictable mutations that lead to cancer, the evolution of altruism, and even the evolution of human language. His book makes a clear and compelling case for understanding every living system--and everything that arises as a consequence of living systems--in terms of evolutionary dynamics.

    

    The emphasis is on rigour and on foundations. The material starts at the very beginning - the construction of the number systems and set theory, then to the basics of analysis (limits, series, continuity, differentiation, Riemann integration), through to power series, several variable calculus and Fourier analysis, and finally to the Lebesgue integral. These are almost entirely set in the concrete setting of the real line and Euclidean spaces, although there is some material on abstract metric and topological spaces. There are also appendices on mathematical logic and the decimal system. The course material is deeply intertwined with the exercises, as it is intended for the student to actively learn the material and to practice thinking and writing rigorously.

    Topics covered in the book include primes & composites, multiples & divisors, prime factorization and its uses, simple Diophantine equations, base numbers, modular arithmetic, divisibility rules, linear congruences, how to develop number sense, and much more. This books is ideal for students who have mastered basic algebra, such as solving linear equations. Middle school students preparing for MATHCOUNTS, high school students preparing for the AMC, and other students seeking to master the fundamentals of number theory will find this book an instrumental part of their mathematics libraries.

    Starting with the essentials, the text covers divisibility, unique factorization, modular arithmetic and the Chinese Remainder Theorem, Diophantine equations, binomial coefficients, Fermat and Mersenne primes and other special numbers, and special sequences. Included are sections on mathematical induction and the pigeonhole principle, as well as a discussion of other number systems. By emphasizing examples and applications the authors motivate and engage readers.

    As anyone who has taught or raised young children knows, mathematical education for little kids is a real mystery. What are they capable of? What should they learn first? How hard should they work? Should they even ``work'' at all? Should we push them, or just let them be? There are no correct answers to these questions, and the author deals with them in classic math-circle style: he doesn't ask and then answer a question, but shows us a problem--be it mathematical or pedagogical--and describes to us what happened. His book is a narrative about what he did, what he tried, what worked, what failed, but most important, what the kids experienced. This book does not purport to show you how to create precocious high achievers. It is just one person's story about things he tried with a half-dozen young children. Mathematicians, psychologists, educators, parents, and everybody interested in the intellectual development in young children will find this book to be an invaluable, inspiring resource.

    Dr. Euler's Fabulous Formula shares the fascinating story of this groundbreaking formula--long regarded as the gold standard for mathematical beauty--and shows why it still lies at the heart of complex number theory. This book is the sequel to Paul Nahin's An Imaginary Tale: The Story of I [the square root of -1], which chronicled the events leading up to the discovery of one of mathematics' most elusive numbers, the square root of minus one. Unlike the earlier book, which devoted a significant amount of space to the historical development of complex numbers, Dr. Euler begins with discussions of many sophisticated applications of complex numbers in pure and applied mathematics, and to electronic technology. The topics covered span a huge range, from a never-before-told tale of an encounter between the famous mathematician G. H. Hardy and the physicist Arthur Schuster, to a discussion of the theoretical basis for single-sideband AM radio, to the design of chase-and-escape problems. The book is accessible to any reader with the equivalent of the first two years of college mathematics (calculus and differential equations), and it promises to inspire new applications for years to come. Or as Nahin writes in the book's preface: To mathematicians ten thousand years hence, Euler's formula will still be beautiful and stunning and untarnished by time.

    (The solid geometry part is published as Kiselev's Geometry / Book II. Stereometry ISBN 0977985210.) The book dominated in Russian math education for several decades, was reprinted in dozens of millions of copies, influenced geometry education in Eastern Europe and China, and is still active as a textbook for 7-9 grades. The book is adapted to the modern US curricula by a professor of mathematics from UC Berkeley.

    It is a practical guide, using examples and encouraging the reader to apply the methods. A supporting website is available.

    Only six students from each participating country are given the honor of participating in this competition every year. The IMO represents not only a great opportunity to tackle interesting and challenging mathematics problems, it also offers a way for high school students to measure up with students from the rest of the world. The IMO has sparked off a burst of creativity among enthusiasts in creating new and interesting mathematics problems. In an extremely stiff competition, only six problems are chosen each year to appear on the IMO. The total number of problems proposed for the IMOs up to this point is staggering and, as a whole, this collection of problems represents a valuable resource for all high school students preparing for the IMO. Until now it has been almost impossible to obtain a complete collection of the problems proposed at the IMO in book form. "The IMO Compendium" is the result of a two year long collaboration between four former IMO participants from Yugoslavia, now Serbia and Montenegro, to rescue these problems from old and scattered manuscripts, and produce the ultimate source of IMO practice problems. This book attempts to gather all the problems and solutions appearing on the IMO, as well as the so-called "short-lists," a total of 864 problems. In addition, the book contains 1036 problems from various "long-lists" over the years, for a grand total of 1900 problems. In short, "The IMO Compendium" is the ultimate collection of challenging high-school-level mathematicsproblems. It will be an invaluable resource, not only for high-school students preparing for mathematics competitions, but for anyone who loves and appreciates math.

    Covering number theory, algebra, analysis, Euclidean geometry, and analytic geometry, Solving Mathematical Problems includes numerous exercises and model solutions throughout. Assuming only a basic level of mathematics, the text is ideal for students of 14 years and above in pure mathematics.

    In addition to many traditional strategies, this book includes new techniques such as Think 1, the 2-10 method, and others developed by math educator Edward Zaccaro. Each unit contains problems at five levels of difficulty to meet the needs of students who are average through highly gifted. Answer key and detailed solutions are included. Illustrated B/W throughout.

    The theory has evolved to describe the relationship between finite groups, modular forms and vertex operator algebras. Moonshine Beyond the Monster, the first book of its kind, describes the general theory of Moonshine and its underlying concepts, emphasising the interconnections between modern mathematics and mathematical physics. Written in a clear and pedagogical style, this book is ideal for graduate students and researchers working in areas such as conformal field theory, string theory, algebra, number theory, geometry, and functional analysis. Containing over a hundred exercises, it is also a suitable textbook for graduate courses on Moonshine and as supplementary reading for courses on conformal field theory and string theory.

    It is designed for graduate students in a variety of fields (mathematics, statistics, economics, management, finance, computer science, and engineering) who require a working knowledge of probability theory that is mathematically precise, but without excessive technicalities. The text provides complete proofs of all the essential introductory results. Nevertheless, the treatment is focused and accessible, with the measure theory and mathematical details presented in terms of intuitive probabilistic concepts, rather than as separate, imposing subjects. In this new edition, many exercises and small additional topics have been added and existing ones expanded. The text strikes an appropriate balance, rigorously developing probability theory while avoiding unnecessary detail.

    As well as lucid descriptions of all the topics and many worked examples, it contains over 800 exercises. New stand-alone chapters give a systematic account of the 'special functions' of physical science, cover an extended range of practical applications of complex variables, and give an introduction to quantum operators. This solutions manual accompanies the third edition of Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering. It contains complete worked solutions to over 400 exercises in the main textbook, the odd-numbered exercises, that are provided with hints and answers. The even-numbered exercises have no hints, answers or worked solutions and are intended for unaided homework problems; full solutions are available to instructors on a password-protected web site, www.cambridge.org/9780521679718.

    But play often has a purpose. In mathematics, it can sharpen skills, provide amusement, or simply surprise, and books of problems have been the stock-in-trade of mathematicians for centuries. This collection is designed to be sipped from, rather than consumed in one sitting. The questions range in difficulty: the most challenging offer a glimpse of deep results that engage mathematicians today; even the easiest prompt readers to think about mathematics. All come with solutions, many with hints, and most with illustrations. Whether you are an expert, or a beginner or an amateur mathematician, this book will delight for a lifetime.

    Our guiding phrase is, what everytheoreticalcomputerscientistshouldknowaboutlinearprogramming. The book is relatively concise, in order to allow the reader to focus on the basic ideas. For a number of topics commonly appearing in thicker books on the subject, we were seriously tempted to add them to the main text, but we decided to present them only very brie?y in a separate glossary. At the same time, we aim at covering the main results with complete proofs and in su?cient detail, in a way ready for presentation in class. One of the main focuses is applications of linear programming, both in practice and in theory. Linear programming has become an extremely ?- ible tool in theoretical computer science and in mathematics. While many of the ?nest modern applications are much too complicated to be included in an introductory text, we hope to communicate some of the ?avor (and excitement) of such applications on simpler examples."

    It emphasizes forms suitable for students and researchers whose interest lies in solving equations rather than in general theory. Solutions to odd-numbered problems appear at the end. 1957 edition.

    Aimed primarily at graduate students and researchers, the book covers a wide variety of topics, such as limit theorems for sums of random variables, martingales, percolation, and Markov chains and electrical networks.

    This text presents differential forms from a geometric perspective accessible at the undergraduate level. The book begins with basic concepts such as partial differentiation and multiple integration and gently develops the entire machinery of differential forms. The author approaches the subject with the idea that complex concepts can be built up by analogy from simpler cases, which, being inherently geometric, often can be best understood visually. Each new concept is presented with a natural picture that students can easily grasp. Algebraic properties then follow. This facilitates the development of differential forms without assuming a background in linear algebra. Throughout the text, emphasis is placed on applications in 3 dimensions, but all definitions are given so as to be easily generalized to higher dimensions. Containing excellent motivation, numerous illustrations and solutions to selected problems in an appendix, the material has been tested in the classroom along all three potential course tracks.

    By imbedding mathematics into a broader cultural context and through his clever and enthusiastic explication of mathematical ideas the author broadens the horizon of students beyond the narrow confines of rote memorization and engages those who are curious about the place of mathematics in our intellectual landscape.

    Squaring the Circle: Geometry in Art and Architecture includes all the topics necessary for a solid foundation in geometry and explores the timeless influence of geometry on art and architecture. The text offers wide-ranging exercise sets and related projects that allow students to practice and master the mathematics presented. Each chapter introduces mathematical concepts geometrically and illustrates their nontraditional applications in art and architecture throughout the centuries. Appropriate for both basic mathematics courses and cross-discipline courses in mathematics and art, Squaring the Circle requires no previous mathematics.

    Written by two of the world's leading authorities on differential equations, Simmons and Krantz. It provides a cogent and accessible introduction to ordinary differential equations written in classical style. Its rich variety of modern applications in engineering, physics, and the applied sciences illuminate the concepts and techniques that students will use through practice to solve real-life problems in their careers. This text is part of the Walter Rudin Student Series in Advanced Mathematics.

    Robbin explores the distinction between the slicing, or Flatland, model and the projection, or shadow, model. He compares the history of these two models and their uses and misuses in popular discussions. Robbin breaks new ground with his original argument that Picasso used the projection model to invent cubism, and that Minkowski had four-dimensional projective geometry in mind when he structured special relativity. The discussion is brought to the present with an exposition of the projection model in the most creative ideas about space in contemporary mathematics such as twisters, quasicrystals, and quantum topology. Robbin clarifies these esoteric concepts with understandable drawings and diagrams. Robbin proposes that the powerful role of projective geometry in the development of current mathematical ideas has been long overlooked and that our attachment to the slicing model is essentially a conceptual block that hinders progress in understanding contemporary models of spacetime. He offers a fascinating review of how projective ideas are the source of some of today’s most exciting developments in art, math, physics, and computer visualization.

    This book offers a unique approach to the subject which gives readers the advantage of a new perspective on ideas familiar from the analysis of a real line. Rather than passing quickly from the definition of a metric to the more abstract concepts of convergence and continuity, the author takes the concrete notion of distance as far as possible, illustrating the text with examples and naturally arising questions. Attention to detail at this stage is designed to prepare the reader to understand the more abstract ideas with relative ease.The book goes on to provide a thorough exposition of all the standard necessary results of the theory and, in addition, includes selected topics not normally found in introductory books, such as: the Tietze Extension Theorem; the Hausdorff metric and its completeness; and the existence of curves of minimum length. Other features include:end-of-chapter summaries and numerous exercises to reinforce what has been learnt; extensive cross-referencing to help the reader follow arguments; a Cumulative Reference Chart, showing the dependencies throughout the book on a section-by-section basis as an aid to course design.The book is designed for third- and fourth-year undergraduates and beginning graduates. Readers should have some practical knowledge of differential and integral calculus and have completed a first course in real analysis. With its many examples, careful illustrations, and full solutions to selected exercises, this book provides a gentle introduction that is ideal for self-study and an excellent preparation for applications.

    This is the only English-language collection of these important papers, some of which are extremely hard to find. Contributors include Helmholtz, Klein, Clifford, Poincaré, and Cartan.

    In the setting of a general measure space, every concept is defined precisely and every theorem is presented with a clear and complete proof with all the relevant details. Counter-examples are provided to show that certain conditions in the hypothesis of a theorem cannot be simply dropped. The dependence of a theorem on earlier theorems is explicitly indicated in the proof, not only to facilitate reading but also to delineate the structure of the theory. The precision and clarity of presentation make the book an ideal textbook for a graduate course in real analysis while the wealth of topics treated also make the book a valuable reference work for mathematicians.

    In his youth, Thibault studied the art of the sword with the great Dutch fencing master Lambert van Someren, then traveled to southern Spain to learn destreza, the revolutionary Spanish system of rapier fencing, from Luis Pacheco de Narvaez and other masters of the art. After his return to the Netherlands around 1610, he won fame as one of the best swordsmen of the age, and set out to put everything he knew about the way of the sword into a single comprehensive textbook of rapier fencing that could be used by students who had no access to a teacher of his system.Originally published in 1630, Academy of the Sword is that textbook - the most elaborate manual of swordsmanship ever published.

    Told here for the first time in accessible prose, it is a story that involves brilliant yet tragic characters, curious number 'coincidences' that led to breakthroughs in the mathematics of symmetry, and strangecrystals that reach into many dimensions. And it is a story that is not yet over, for we have yet to understand the deep significance of the Monster - and its tantalizing hints of connections with the physical structure of spacetime. Once we understand the full nature of the Monster, we may well haverevealed a whole new and deeper understanding of the nature of our Universe.

    He had the rare distinction of having solved two of the famous problems posed by David Hilbert in 1900. He showed that every positive definite rational function of several variables was a sum of squares. He also discovered and proved the Artin reciprocity law, the culmination of over a century and a half of progress in algebraic number theory. Artin had a great influence on the development of mathematics in his time, both by means of his many contributions to research and by the high level and excellence of his teaching and expository writing. In this volume we gather together in one place a selection of his writings wherein the reader can learn some beautiful mathematics as seen through the eyes of a true master. The volume's Introduction provides a short biographical sketch of Emil Artin, followed by an introduction to the books and papers included in the volume. The reader will first find three of Artin's short books, titled The Gamma Function, Galois Theory, and Theory of Algebraic Numbers, respectively. These are followed by papers on algebra, algebraic number theory, real fields, braid groups, and complex and functional analysis. The three papers on real fields have been translated into English for the first time. The flavor of these works is best captured by the following quote of Richard Brauer. ``There are a number of books and sets of lecture notes by Emil Artin. Each of them presents a novel approach. There are always new ideas and new results. It was a compulsion for him to present each argument in its purest form, to replace computation by conceptual arguments, to strip the theory of unnecessaryballast. What was the decisive point for him was to show the beauty of the subject to the reader.''

    The reader is introduced to the basics of numerical analysis as well as the use of computer programs such as Matlab and Excel in carrying out involved computations.

    Mathematical logic, however, is a relatively young discipline and arose from the endeavors of Peano, Frege, Russell and others to create a logistic foundation for mathematics. It steadily developed during the 20th century into a broad discipline with several sub-areas and numerous applications in mathematics, informatics, linguistics and philosophy. While there are already several well-known textbooks on mathematical logic, this book is unique in that it is much more concise than most others, and the material is treated in a streamlined fashion which allows the professor to cover many important topics in a one semester course. Although the book is intended for use as a graduate text, the first three chapters could be understood by undergraduates interested in mathematical logic. These initial chapters cover just the material for an introductory course on mathematical logic combined with the necessary material from set theory. This material is of a descriptive nature, providing a view towards decision problems, automated theorem proving, non-standard models and other subjects. scientists, model theory, recursion theory, Godel's Incompleteness Theorems, and applications of mathematical logic. Philosophical and foundational problems of mathematics are discussed throughout the text. The author has provided exercises for each chapter, as well as hints to selected exercises. The German edition can be useful to the student and lecturer, who prepares a mathematical logic course at the university. What a pity that the book is not written in a universal scientific language which mankind has not yet created - A.Nabebin, Zentralblatt.

    It provides a very complete treatment of commutative algebra, enabling the reader to go further and study algebraic or arithmetic geometry. The first 3 chapters treat in succession the concepts of flatness, localization and completions (in the general setting of graduations and filtrations). Chapter 4 studies associated prime ideals and the primary decomposition. Chapter 5 deals with integers, integral closures and finitely generated algebras over a field (including the Nullstellensatz). Chapter 6 studies valuation (of any rank), and the last chapter focuses on divisors (Krull, Dedekind, or factorial domains) with a final section on modules over integrally closed Noetherian domains, not usually found in textbooks. Useful exercises appear at the ends of the chapters.

    Graham Oppy examines how the infinite lurks everywhere, both in science and in our ordinary thoughts about the world. He also analyses the many puzzles and paradoxes that follow in the train of the infinite. Even simple notions, such as counting, adding and maximising present serious difficulties. Other topics examined include the nature of space and time, infinities in physical science, infinities in theories of probability and decision, the nature of part/whole relations, mathematical theories of the infinite, and infinite regression and principles of sufficient reason.

    Assessment for learning guide to Mathematics

    It cover cores material in the foundations of computing for graduate students in computer science and also provides an introduction to some more advanced topics for those intending further study in the area. This innovative text focuses primarily on computational complexity theory: the classification of computational problems in terms of their inherent complexity. The book contains an invaluable collection of lectures for first-year graduates on the theory of computation. Topics and features include more than 40 lectures for first year graduate students, and a dozen homework sets and exercises.

    Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.This work teaches business-management students all the basic mathematics used in a retail business and follows the standard curriculum of Business Math courses.

    It is a commonplace that the extensions of vague terms vary with such contextual factors as the comparison class and paradigm cases. A person can be tall with respect to male accountants and not tall (even short) with respect to professional basketball players. The main feature of Shapiro's account is that the extensions (and anti-extensions) of vague terms also vary in the course of a conversation, even after the external contextual features, such as the comparison class, are fixed. A central thesis is that in some cases, a competent speaker of the language can go either way in the borderline area of a vague predicate without sinning against the meaning of the words and the non-linguistic facts. Shapiro calls this open texture, borrowing the term from Friedrich Waismann.The formal model theory has a similar structure to the supervaluationist approach, employing the notion of a sharpening of a base interpretation. In line with the philosophical account, however, the notion of super-truth does not play a central role in the development of validity. The ultimate goal of the technical aspects of the work is to delimit a plausible notion of logical consequence, and to explore what happens with the sorites paradox.Later chapters deal with what passes for higher-order vagueness - vagueness in the notions of determinacy and borderline -- and with vague singular terms, or objects. In each case, the philosophical picture is developed by extending and modifying the original account. This is followed with modifications to the model theory and the central meta-theorems.As Shapiro sees it, vagueness is a linguistic phenomenon, due to the kinds of languages that humans speak. But vagueness is also due to the world we find ourselves in, as we try to communicate features of it to each other. Vagueness is also due to the kinds of beings we are. There is no need to blame the phenomenon on any one of those aspects.

    This book is an introduction to most facets of the theory and is an ideal text for a second-year graduate course on the subject. The first part deals with the basic theory: the relation of hyperbolicity to the finite propagation of signals, the concept and role of characteristic surfaces and rays, energy, and energy inequalities. The structure of solutions of equations with constant coefficients is explored with the help of the Fourier and Radon transforms. The existence of solutions of equations with variable coefficients with prescribed initial values is proved using energy inequalities. The propagation of singularities is studied with the help of progressing waves. The second part describes finite difference approximations of hyperbolic equations, presents a streamlined version of the Lax-Phillips scattering theory, and covers basic concepts and results for hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, an active research area today. Four brief appendices sketch topics that are important or amusing, such as Huygens' principle and a theory of mixed initial and boundary value problems. A fifth appendix by Cathleen Morawetz describes a nonstandard energy identity and its uses.

    DSP applications in the consumer market, such as bioinformatics, the MP3 audio format, and MPEG-based cable/satellite television have fueled a desire to understand this technology outside of hardware circles. Designed for upper division engineering and computer science students as well as practicing engineers, Digital Signal Processing Using Matlab and Wavelets emphasizes the practical applications of signal processing. Over 100 Matlab projects and wavelet techniques provide the latest applications of DSP, including image processing, games, filters, transforms, networking, parallel processing, and sound. The book also provides the mathematical processes and techniques needed to ensure an understanding of DSP theory. Designed to be incremental in difficulty, the book will benefit readers who are unfamiliar with complex mathematical topics or those limited in programming experience. filters, sinusoids, sampling, the Fourier transform, the Z transform and other key topics. An entire chapter is dedicated to the discussion of wavelets and their applications. A CD-ROM (platform independent) accompanies the book and contains source code, projects, and Microsoft[registered] PowerPoint slides.

    With emphasis on computational issues, it presents the basic theory necessary to construct and manipulate triangulations. In particular, the book gives a tour through the theory behind the Delaunay triangulation, including algorithms and software issues. It also discusses various data structures used for the representation of triangulations.

    Developed from a successful course, Fundamental Probability provides an engaging and hands-on introduction to this important topic. Whilst the theory is explored in detail, this book also emphasises practical applications, with the presentation of a large variety of examples and exercises, along with generous use of computational tools. Based on international teaching experience with students of statistics, mathematics, finance and econometrics, the book:Presents new, innovative material alongside the classic theory. Goes beyond standard presentations by carefully introducing and discussing more complex subject matter, including a richer use of combinatorics, runs and occupancy distributions, various multivariate sampling schemes, fat-tailed distributions, and several basic concepts used in finance. Emphasises computational matters and programming methods via generous use of examples in MATLAB. Includes a large, self-contained Calculus/Analysis appendix with derivations of all required tools, such as Leibniz' rule, exchange of derivative and integral, Fubini's theorem, and univariate and multivariate Taylor series. Presents over 150 end-of-chapter exercises, graded in terms of their difficulty, and accompanied by a full set of solutions online. This book is intended as an introduction to the theory of probability for students in biology, mathematics, statistics, economics, engineering, finance, and computer science who possess the prerequisite knowledge of basic calculus and linear algebra.

    This resource indicates which methods are most suitable for particular problems, demonstrates what the accuracy requirements are in numerical simulations, and suggests ways to test for and reduce the inevitable negative effects. After an introduction to the basic equations and derivations, the book focuses on practical applications of the numerical methods. It explores hydrodynamic problems in one dimension, "N"-body particle dynamics, smoothed particle hydrodynamics, and stellar structure and evolution. The authors also examine advanced techniques in grid-based hydrodynamics, evaluate the methods for calculating the gravitational forces in an astrophysical system, and discuss specific problems in grid-based methods for radiation transfer. The book incorporates brief user instructions and a CD-ROM of the numerical codes, allowing readers to experiment with the codes to suit their own needs.With numerous examples and sample problems that cover a wide range of current research topics, this highly practical guide illustrates how to solve key astrophysics problems, providing a clear introduction for graduate and undergraduate students as well as researchers and professionals.

    These include the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, the nonlinear wave equation, the Korteweg de Vries equation, and the wave maps equation. This book is an introduction to the methods and results used in the modern analysis (both locally and globally in time) of the Cauchy problem for such equations. Starting only with a basic knowledge of graduate real analysis and Fourier analysis, the text first presents basic nonlinear tools such as the bootstrap method and perturbation theory in the simpler context of nonlinear ODE, then introduces the harmonic analysis and geometric tools used to control linear dispersive PDE. These methods are then combined to study four model nonlinear dispersive equations. Through extensive exercises, diagrams, and informal discussion, the book gives a rigorous theoretical treatment of the material, the real-world intuition and heuristics that underlie the subject, as well as mentioning connections with other areas of PDE, harmonic analysis, and dynamical systems. As the subject is vast, the book does not attempt to give a comprehensive survey of the field, but instead concentrates on a representative sample of results for a selected set of equations, ranging from the fundamental local and global existence theorems to very recent results, particularly focusing on the recent progress in understanding the evolution of energy-critical dispersive equations from large data. The book is suitable for a graduate course on nonlinear PDE.

    Topics include relations between groups and sets, the fundamental theorem of Galois theory, and the results and methods of abstract algebra in terms of number theory, geometry, and noncommutative and homological algebra. Solutions. 2006 edition.

    The book starts with a summary of basic skills and takes its readers as far as constrained optimisation helping them to become confident and competent in the use of mathematical tools and techniques that can be applied to a range of problems in economics and finance.Designed as both a course text and a handbook, the book assumes little prior mathematical knowledge beyond elementary algebra and is therefore suitable for students returning to mathematics after a long break. The fundamental ideas are described in the simplest mathematical terms, highlighting threads of common mathematical theory in the various topics.Features include:a systematic approach: ideas are touched upon, introduced gradually and then consolidated through the use of illustrative examples;several entry points to accommodate differing mathematical backgrounds;numerous worked examples and exercises to illustrate the theory and applications;full solutions to exercises, available to lecturers via the web.Vass Mavron is Professor of Mathematics in the Institute of Mathematical and Physical Sciences at the University of Wales Aberystwyth. Tim Phillips is Professor of Mathematics and Professorial Fellow in the School of Mathematics at Cardiff University."

    Robust statistical methods take into account these deviations while estimating the parameters of parametric models, thus increasing the accuracy of the inference. Research into robust methods is flourishing, with new methods being developed and different applications considered."Robust Statistics" sets out to explain the use of robust methods and their theoretical justification. It provides an up-to-date overview of the theory and practical application of the robust statistical methods in regression, multivariate analysis, generalized linear models and time series. This unique book: Enables the reader to select and use the most appropriate robust method for their particular statistical model.Features computational algorithms for the core methods.Covers regression methods for data mining applications.Includes examples with real data and applications using the S-Plus robust statistics library.Describes the theoretical and operational aspects of robust methods separately, so the reader can choose to focus on one or the other.Supported by a supplementary website featuring time-limited S-Plus download, along with datasets and S-Plus code to allow the reader to reproduce the examples given in the book."Robust Statistics" aims to stimulate the use of robust methods as a powerful tool to increase the reliability and accuracy of statistical modelling and data analysis. It is ideal for researchers, practitioners and graduate students of statistics, electrical, chemical and biochemical engineering, and computer vision. There is also much to benefit researchers from other sciences, such as biotechnology, who need to use robust statistical methods in their work.

    Each volume invites readers to take on a high-profile profession or an exciting sports challenge and use important facts, data gathering, and math applications to get the job done. A wealth of problem-solving activities build math skills while the colorful, high-interest approach engages students and encourages them to think about math in new ways.

    Thoroughly updated with new content, as well as new problems and worked examples, the text offers readers both the theory and practical guidance needed to conduct performance and reliability evaluations of computer, communication, and manufacturing systems. Starting with basic probability theory, the text sets the foundation for the more complicated topics of queueing networks and Markov chains, using applications and examples to illustrate key points. Designed to engage the reader and build practical performance analysis skills, the text features a wealth of problems that mirror actual industry challenges. New features of the Second Edition include: * Chapter examining simulation methods and applications * Performance analysis applications for wireless, Internet, J2EE, and Kanban systems * Latest material on non-Markovian and fluid stochastic Petri nets, as well as solution techniques for Markov regenerative processes * Updated discussions of new and popular performance analysis tools, including ns-2 and OPNET * New and current real-world examples, including DiffServ routers in the Internet and cellular mobile networks With the rapidly growing complexity of computer and communication systems, the need for this text, which expertly mixes theory and practice, is tremendous. Graduate and advanced undergraduate students in computer science will find the extensive use of examples and problems to be vital in mastering both the basics and the fine points of the field, while industry professionals will find the text essential for developing systems that comply with industry standards and regulations.

    Its primary intention is to introduce Measure Theory to a new generation of students, whether in mathematics or in one of the sciences, by offering them on the one hand a text with complete, rigorous and detailed proofs--sketchy proofs have been a perpetual complaint, as demonstrated in the many Amazon reader reviews critical of authors who omit 'trivial' steps and make not-so-obvious 'it is obvious' remarks. On the other hand, Kubrusly offers a unique collection of fully hinted problems. On the other hand, Kubrusly offers a unique collection of fully hinted problems. The author invites the readers to take an active part in the theory construction, thereby offering them a real chance to acquire a firmer grasp on the theory they helped to build. These problems, at the end of each chapter, comprise complements and extensions of the theory, further examples and counterexamples, or auxiliary results. They are an integral part of the main text, which sets them apart from the traditional classroom or homework exercises.JARGON BUSTER: measure theoryMeasure theory investigates the conditions under which integration can take place. It considers various ways in which the size of a set can be estimated.This topic is studied in pure mathematics programs but the theory is also foundational for students of statistics and probability, engineering, and financial engineering.

    Here now is the first book to provide an introduction to his work in number theory. Most of Ramanujan's work in number theory arose out of $q$-series and theta functions. This book provides an introduction to these two important subjects and to some of the topics in number theory that are inextricably intertwined with them, including the theory of partitions, sums of squares and triangular numbers, and the Ramanujan tau function. The majority of the results discussed here are originally due to Ramanujan or were rediscovered by him. Ramanujan did not leave us proofs of the thousands of theorems he recorded in his notebooks, and so it cannot be claimed that many of the proofs given in this book are those found by Ramanujan. However, they are all in the spirit of his mathematics. The subjects examined in this book have a rich history dating back to Euler and Jacobi, and they continue to be focal points of contemporary mathematical research. Therefore, at the end of each of the seven chapters, Berndt discusses the results established in the chapter and places them in both historical and contemporary contexts. The book is suitable for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students interested in number theory.

    In Financial Econometrics, readers will be introduced to this growing discipline and the concepts and theories associated with it, including background material on probability theory and statistics. The experienced author team uses real-world data where possible and brings in the results of published research provided by investment banking firms and journals. Financial Econometrics clearly explains the techniques presented and provides illustrative examples for the topics discussed.Svetlozar T. Rachev, PhD (Karlsruhe, Germany) is currently Chair-Professor at the University of Karlsruhe. Stefan Mittnik, PhD (Munich, Germany) is Professor of Financial Econometrics at the University of Munich. Frank J. Fabozzi, PhD, CFA, CFP (New Hope, PA) is an adjunct professor of Finance at Yale University's School of Management. Sergio M. Focardi (Paris, France) is a founding partner of the Paris-based consulting firm The Intertek Group. Teo Jasic, PhD, (Frankfurt, Germany) is a senior manager with a leading international management consultancy firm in Frankfurt.

    The approach appears deceptively simple as it suggests offering natural and household objects to babies and toddlers, which can transform their learning. However, it is based on much more complicated research into how babies learn, the principles of learning, research evidence, and the author's own personal experience of working with the under 3s.This book provides:a new approach to understanding and providing for the play and learning of the under 3s accessible explanations about what babies do and how this links with later conceptual thinking practical ideas and activities for use in the nursery or at home.This book will be indispensable for anyone working with the under 3s.

    The standard model brings together two theories of particle physics in order to describe the interactions of subatomic particles, except those due to gravity. This book uses the standard model as a vehicle for introducing quantum field theory. In doing this the book also introduces much of the phenomenology on which this model is based. The book uses a modern approach, emphasizing effective field theory techniques, and contains brief discussions of some of the main proposals for going beyond the standard model, such as seesaw neutrino masses, supersymmetry, and grand unification. Requiring only a minimum of background material, this book is ideal for graduate students in theoretical and experimental particle physics. It concentrates on getting students to the level of being able to use this theory by doing real calculations with the minimum of formal development, and contains several problems.

    In doing so he makes a valuable contribution to one of the most active and fruitful areas in contemporary scholarship on Kant.

    Nowadays it continues intensive development and has fruitful connections with most other fields of mathematics as well as important applications in physics. This book gives an exposition of the foundations of modern measure theory and offers three levels of presentation: a standard university graduate course, an advanced study containing some complements to the basic course (the material of this level corresponds to a variety of special courses), and, finally, more specialized topics partly covered by more than 850 exercises. Volume 1 (Chapters 1-5) is devoted to the classical theory of measure and integral. Whereas the first volume presents the ideas that go back mainly to Lebesgue, the second volume (Chapters 6-10) is to a large extent the result of the later development up to the recent years. The central subjects in Volume 2 are: transformations of measures, conditional measures, and weak convergence of measures. These three topics are closely interwoven and form the heart of modern measure theory. The organization of the book does not require systematic reading from beginning to end; in particular, almost all sections in the supplements are independent of each other and are directly linked only to specific sections of the main part. The target readership includes graduate students interested in deeper knowledge of measure theory, instructors of courses in measure and integration theory, and researchers in all fields of mathematics. The book may serve as a source for many advanced courses or as a reference.

    Numerous exercises appear throughout the text. 1974 edition.

    Affine Euclidean Space ARn.-1.1 Euclidean Space Rn.- 1.2 Affine Euclidean Space ARn.- 1.3 Affine Subspaces.- 1.3.1 Subspaces.- 1.3.2 Systems of Linear Equations.- 1.3.3 Points and Lines .- 1.3.4 Planes .- 1.3.5 Hyperplanes.- 1.3.6 Orthogonal Projection.- 1.4 Half-Spaces.- 1.5 Bases and Coordinates.- 1.6 Convex Sets.- 2 Isometries of ARn .- 2.1 Fixed Points of Groups of Isometries.- 2.2 Structure of IsomARn .- 2.2.1 Translations.- 2.2.2 Orthogonal Transformations .- 3 Hyperplane Arrangements.- 3.1 Faces of a Hyperplane Arrangement.- 3.2 Chambers.- 3.3 Galleries.- 3.4 Polyhedra.- 4 Polyhedral Cones.- 4.1 Finitely Generated Cones .- 4.1.1 Cones.- .1.2 Extreme Vectors and Edges .- 4.2 Simple Systems of Generators.- 4.3 Duality .- 4.4 Duality for Simplicial Cones .- 5 Faces of a Simplicial Cone.- Part II Mirrors, Reflections, Roots.- 5 Mirrors and Reflections.- 6 Systems of Mirrors.- 6.1 Systems of Mirrors.- 6.2 Finite Reflection Groups.- 7 Dihedral Groups.- 7.1 Groups Generated by two Involutions.- 7.2 Proof of Theorem 7.1 .- 7.3 Dihedral Groups: Geometric Interpretation .- 8 Root Systems.- 8.1 Mirrors and their Normal Vectors.- 8.2 Root Systems.- 8.3 Planar Root Systems.- 8.4 Positive and Simple Systems.- 9 Root Systems An�1, BCn, Dn.- 9.1 Root System An�1 .- 9.1.1 A Few Words about Permutations .- 9.1.2 Permutation Representation of Symn .- 9.1.3 Regular Simplices .- 9.1.4 The Root System An�1 .- 9.1.5 The Standard Simple System.- 9.1.6 Action of Symn on the Set of all Simple Systems .- 9.2 Root Systems of Types Cn and Bn .- 9.2.1 Hyperoctahedral Group.- 9.2.2 Admissible Orderings.- 9.2.3 Root Systems Cn and Bn.- 9.2.4 Action of W on C.- 9.3 The Root System Dn.- Part III Coxeter Complexes.- 10 Chambers.- 11 Generation.- 11.1 Simple Reflections.- 11.2 Foldings.- 11.3 Galleries and Paths.- 11.4 Action of W on C.- 11.5 Paths and Foldings.- 11.6 Simple Transitivity of W on C: Proof of Theorem 11.6.- 12 Coxeter Complex.- 12.1 Labeling of the Coxeter Complex.- 12.2 Length of Elements in W.- 12.3 Opposite Chamber.- 12.4 Isotropy Groups.- 12.5 Parabolic Subgroups.- 13 Residues.- 13.1 Residues.- 13.2 Example.- 13.3 The Mirror System of a Residue.- 13.4 Residues are Convex.- 13.5 Residues: the Gate Property.- 13.6 The Opposite Chamber.- 14 Generalized Permutahedra.- Part IV Classification.- 15 Generators and Relations.- 15.1 Reflection Groups are Coxeter Groups. 15.2 Proof of Theorem 15.1.- 16 Classification of Finite Reflection Groups.- 16.1 Coxeter Graph.- 16.2 Decomposable Reflection Groups.- 16.3 Labeled Graphs and Associated Bilinear Forms.- 16.4 Classification of Positive Definite Graphs.- 17 Construction of Root Systems.- 17.1 Root System An.- 17.2 Root System Bn, n > 2.- 17.3 Root System Cn, n > 2.- 17.4 Root System Dn, n > 4.- 17.5 Root System E8.- 17.6 Root System E7 17.7 Root System E6.- 17.8 Root System F4 .- 9 Root System G2 .- 17.10 Crystallographic Condition .- 18 Orders of Reflection Groups .- Part V Three-Dimensional Reflection Groups.- 19 Reflection Groups in Three Dimensions.- 19.1 Planar Mirror Systems.- 19.2 From Mirror Systems to Tessellations of the Sphere.- 19.3 The Area of a Spherical Triangle.- 19.4 Classification of Finite Reflection Groups in Three Dimensions.- 20 Icosahedron.- 20.1 Construction.- 20.2 Uniqueness and Rigidity.- 20.3 The Symmetry Group of the Icosahedron.- Part VI Appendices.- A The Forgotten Art of Blackboard Drawing.- B Hints and Solutions to Selected Exercises.- References.- Index.

    It starts from the definition of Gaussian measures in Hilbert spaces, concepts such as the Cameron-Martin formula, Brownian motion and Wiener integral are introduced in a simple way. These concepts are then used to illustrate basic stochastic dynamical systems and Markov semi-groups, paying attention to their long-time behavior.

    A logically interconnected sequence of propositions and problems—some 2,400 in all—appears without proofs. Assisted only by hints and pointers, students must work out formal proofs systematically, proceeding from simple verifications to relatively advanced strategies and techniques of proof.This volume also presents insights into functional analysis, which may be formulated as linear analysis without an infinite dimensional framework. As students allow their consideration of the propositions to move toward the limiting case of unrestricted dimensionality, they will find that their conceptual outlook approaches that which is suitable to functional analysis. In this regard, the book represents an introduction to the latter subject, free of the difficulties inherent in the explicit admission of infinities.Based on the proposition that the best way to learn mathematics is to do mathematics, this approach will appeal to strongly motivated students. It can also be used as a resource for independent study and in cooperative seminars, as well as in conventional advanced undergraduate and graduate courses.

    The subject of fractional calculus and its applications (that is, calculus of integrals and derivatives of any arbitrary real or complex order) has gained considerable popularity and importance during the past three decades or so, due mainly to its demonstrated applications in numerous seemingly diverse and widespread fields of science and engineering. Some of the areas of present-day applications of fractional models include Fluid Flow, Solute Transport or Dynamical Processes in Self-Similar and Porous Structures, Diffusive Transport akin to Diffusion, Material Viscoelastic Theory, Electromagnetic Theory, Dynamics of Earthquakes, Control Theory of Dynamical Systems, Optics and Signal Processing, Bio-Sciences, Economics, Geology, Astrophysics, Probability and Statistics, Chemical Physics, and so on. In the above-mentioned areas, there are phenomena with estrange kinetics which have a microscopic complex behaviour, and their macroscopic dynamics can not be characterized by classical derivative models. The fractional modelling is an emergent tool which use fractional differential equations including derivatives of fractional order, that is, we can speak about a derivative of order 1/3, or square root of 2, and so on. Some of such fractional models can have solutions which are non-differentiable but continuous functions, such as Weierstrass type functions. Such kinds of properties are, obviously, impossible for the ordinary models. What are the useful properties of these fractional operators which help in the modelling of so many anomalous processes? From the point of view of the authors and from known experimental results, most of the processes associated with complex systems have non-local dynamics involving long-memory in time, and the fractional integral and fractional derivative operators do have some of those characteristics. This book is written primarily for the graduate students and researchers in many different disciplines in the mathematical, physical, engineering and so many others sciences, who are interested not only in learning about the various mathematical tools and techniques used in the theory and widespread applications of fractional differential equations, but also in further investigations which emerge naturally from (or which are motivated substantially by) the physical situations modelled mathematically in the book. This monograph consists of a total of eight chapters and a very extensive bibliography. The main objective of it is to complement the contents of the other books dedicated to the study and the applications of fractional differential equations. The aim of the book is to present, in a systematic manner, results including the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the Cauchy type problems involving nonlinear ordinary fractional differential equations, explicit solutions of linear differential equations and of the corresponding initial-value problems through different methods, closed-form solutions of ordinary and partial differential equations, and a theory of the so-called sequential linear fractional differential equations including a generalization of the classical Frobenius method, and also to include an interesting set of applications of the developed theory. Key features: - It is mainly application oriented.- It contains a complete theory of Fractional Differential Equations.- It can be used as a postgraduate-level textbook in many different disciplines within science and engineering.- It contains an up-to-date bibliography.- It provides problems and directions for further investigations.- Fractional Modelling is an emergent tool with demonstrated applications in numerous seemingly diverse and widespread fields of science and engineering.- It contains many examples.- and so on!

    An up-to-date presentation is given, making infinite series accessible, interesting, and useful to a wide audience, including students, teachers, and researchers. Included are elementary and advanced tests for convergence or divergence, the harmonic series, the alternating harmonic series, and closely related results. One chapter offers 107 concise, crisp, surprising results about infinite series. Another gives problems on infinite series, and solutions, which have appeared on the annual William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition. The lighter side of infinite series is treated in the concluding chapter where three puzzles, eighteen visuals, and several fallacious proofs are made available. Three appendices provide a listing of true or false statements, answers to why the harmonic series is so named, and an extensive list of published works on infinite series.

    Prerequisites for using the book include several basic undergraduate courses.

    The two objectives are: 1) To offer math activities that can be used to teach and reinforce the math skills that teachers are required to have their students learn. 2) To provide content that captures and increases student interest in justice, fairness and kindness, replacing purposeless content that furthers no student's ability to engage with their social reality.

    It is a coherent, wide ranging account of how a number of topics in the philosophy of mathematics must be reconsidered in the light of the latest historical research and how a number of historical accounts can be deepened by embracing philosophical questions.

    This volume documents how and why the calculus developed in India, over a thousand year period, and was transmitted to Europe in the 16th c., without acknowledgment. To better understand this process, this volume emphasizes the non-universality of present-day formal mathematics—tracing theorem-proving to its theological origins, and highlighting alternative beliefs about logic, proof, and number. A new history and philosophy of mathematics emerges, and is applied to various contemporary issues: mathematics education, computational mathematics, and the extensions of the calculus needed for quantum field theory and shock waves.

    Showing how experiments are used to test conjectures and prove theorems, the book allows students to do original work on such problems, often using little more than calculus (though there are numerous remarks for those with deeper backgrounds). It shows students what number theory theorems are used for and what led to them and suggests problems for further research.Steven Miller and Ramin Takloo-Bighash introduce the problems and the computational skills required to numerically investigate them, providing background material (from probability to statistics to Fourier analysis) whenever necessary. They guide students through a variety of problems, ranging from basic number theory, cryptography, and Goldbach's Problem, to the algebraic structures of numbers and continued fractions, showing connections between these subjects and encouraging students to study them further. In addition, this is the first undergraduate book to explore Random Matrix Theory, which has recently become a powerful tool for predicting answers in number theory.Providing exercises, references to the background literature, and Web links to previous student research projects, An Invitation to Modern Number Theory can be used to teach a research seminar or a lecture class.

    A striking demonstration of the potential of these techniques is provided by Kont- vich's famous formula, which solves a long-standing question: How many plane rational curves of degree d pass through 3d -- 1 given points in general position? The formula expresses the number of curves for a given degree in terms of the numbers for lower degrees. A single initial datum is required for the recursion, namely, the case d = I, which simply amounts to the fact that through two points there is but one line. Assuming the existence of the Kontsevich spaces of stable maps and a few of their basic properties, we present a complete proof of the formula, and use the formula as a red thread in our Invitation to Quantum Cohomology. For more information about the mathematical content, see the Introduction. The canonical reference for this topic is the already classical Notes on Stable Maps and Quantum Cohomology by Fulton and Pandharipande [29], cited henceforth as FP-NOTES. We have traded greater generality for the sake of introducing some simplifications. We have also chosen not to include the technical details of the construction of the moduli space, favoring the exposition with many examples and heuristic discussions.

    This work takes the unprecedented approach of describing these important and difficult problems at the professional level. In announcing the seven problems and a US$7 million prize fund in 2000, the Clay Mathematics Institute emphasized that mathematics still constitutes an open frontier with important unsolved problems. The descriptions in this book serve the Institute's mission to ``further the beauty, power and universality of mathematical thinking.'' Separate chapters are devoted to each of the seven problems: the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture, the Hodge Conjecture, the Navier-Stokes Equation, the P versus NP Problem, the Poincare Conjecture, the Riemann Hypothesis, and Quantum Yang-Mills Theory. An essay by Jeremy Gray, a well-known expert in the history of mathematics, outlines the history of prize problems in mathematics and shows how some of mathematics' most important discoveries were first revealed in papers submitted for prizes. Numerous photographs of mathematicians who shaped mathematics as it is known today give the text a broad historical appeal. Anyone interested in mathematicians' continued efforts to solve important problems will be fascinated with this text, which places into context the historical dimension of important achievements.

    Here you will meet novel approaches to concepts such as determinants and geometry, wave function evolution, statistics, signal processing, and three-dimensional rotations. You will see how the accelerated frames of special relativity tell us about gravity. On the journey, you will discover how tensor notation relates to vector calculus, how differential geometry is built on intuitive concepts, and how variational calculus leads to field theory. You will meet quantum measurement theory, along with Green functions and the art of complex integration, and finally general relativity and cosmology.The book takes a fresh approach to tensor analysis built solely on the metric and vectors, with no need for one-forms. This gives a much more geometrical and intuitive insight into vector and tensor calculus, together with general relativity, than do traditional, more abstract methods.Don Koks is a physicist at the Defence Science and Technology Organisation in Adelaide, Australia. His doctorate in quantum cosmology was obtained from the Department of Physics and Mathematical Physics at Adelaide University. Prior work at the University of Auckland specialised in applied accelerator physics, along with pure and applied mathematics.

    Olofsson points out major ideas here, explains classic puzzles there, and everywhere makes free use of witty vignettes to instruct and amuse." -- John Allen Paulos, Temple University, author of Innumeracy and A Mathematician Reads the Newspaper"Beautifully written, with fascinating examples and tidbits of information. Olofsson gently and persuasively shows us how to think clearly about the uncertainty that governs our lives." -- John Haigh, University of Sussex, author of Taking Chances: Winning with ProbabilityFrom probable improbabilities to regular irregularities, Probabilities: The Little Numbers That Rule Our Lives investigates the often-surprising effects of risk and chance in our everyday lives. With examples ranging from WWII espionage to the O. J. Simpson trial, from bridge to blackjack, from Julius Caesar to Jerry Seinfeld, the reader is taught how to think straight in a world of randomness and uncertainty. Throughout the book, readers learn:Why it is not that surprising for someone to win the lottery twice How a faulty probability calculation forced an innocent woman to spend three years in prison How to place bets if you absolutely insist on gambling How a newspaper turned an opinion poll into one of the greatest election blunders in history Educational, eloquent, and entertaining, Probabilities: The Little Numbers That Rule Our Lives is the ideal companion for anyone who wants to obtain a better understanding of the mathematics of chance.

    Brouwer argued that the two questions are closely related and that the answer to both is "yes''. To this end he introduced a new kind of object into mathematics, the choice sequence. But other mathematicians and philosophers have been voicing objections to choice sequences from the start.This book aims to provide a sound philosophical basis for Brouwer's choice sequences by subjecting them to a phenomenological critique in the style of the later Husserl.

    An account of its early years is long overdue, so the appearance of the present volume, during the 75th anniversary of the Institute's founding, is most welcome. Batterson has mined the Institute's archives to provide a detailed and unvarnished account of the backstage conflicts and intrigue that attended the Institute's growth and determined its future. Those unfamiliar with the Institute will learn how one man's vision shaped a couple's philanthropy and created a haven for scholars in the midst of the Great Depression. Equally, those who have had the privilege of Institute membership will enhance their appreciation of the intellectual leaders who made their own Institute experiences possible." ---John W. Dawson, Jr., author of Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt G�del

    Topics include applications of the derivative, sequences and series, the integral and continuous variates, discrete distributions, hypothesis testing, functions of several variables, and regression and correlation. Answers to selected exercises. 1970 edition. Includes 201 figures and 36 tables.

    The book bridges the acknowledged gap between the different languages used by mathematicians and physicists. For students of mathematics the author shows that detailed knowledge of the physical background helps to motivate the mathematical subjects and to discover interesting interrelationships between quite different mathematical topics. For students of physics, fairly advanced mathematics is presented, which goes beyond the usual curriculum in physics.

    Results about numbers often appear magical, both in theirstatementsandintheeleganceoftheirproofs. Nowhereisthismoreevidentthan inresultsaboutthesetofprimenumbers. Theprimenumbertheorem, whichgivesthe asymptotic density of the prime numbers, is often cited as the most surprising result in all of mathematics. It certainly is the result that is hardest to justify intuitively. The prime numbers form the cornerstone of the theory of numbers. Many, if not most, results in number theory proceed by considering the case of primes and then pasting the result together for all integers using the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. The purpose of this book is to give an introduction and overview of number theory based on the central theme of the sequence of primes. The richness of this somewhat unique approach becomes clear once one realizes how much number theoryandmathematicsingeneralareneededinordertolearnandtrulyunderstandthe prime numbers. Our approach provides a solid background in the standard material as well as presenting an overview of the whole discipline. All the essential topics are covered: fundamental theorem of arithmetic, theory of congruences, quadratic reciprocity, arithmetic functions, the distribution of primes. In addition, there are ?rm introductions to analytic number theory, primality testing and cryptography, and algebraic number theory as well as many interesting side topics. Full treatments and proofs are given to both Dirichlet s theorem and the prime number theorem. There is acompleteexplanationofthenewAKSalgorithm, whichshowsthatprimalitytesting is of polynomial time. In algebraic number theory there is a complete presentation of primes and prime factorizations in algebraic number ?elds."

    What Is Thinking? What is Turing's Test? What is Godel's Undecidability Theorem? How is Berners-Lee's Semantic Web logic going to overcome paradoxes and complexity to produce machine processing on the Web?Thinking on the Web draws from the contributions of Tim Berners-Lee (What is solvable on the Web?), Kurt Godel (What is decidable?), and Alan Turing (What is machine intelligence?) to evaluate how much "intelligence" can be projected onto the Web.The authors offer both abstract and practical perspectives to delineate the opportunities and challenges of a "smarter" Web through a threaded series of vignettes and a thorough review of Semantic Web development.

    This text uses the so-called sequential approach to continuity, differentiability and integration to make it easier to understand the subject.Topics that are generally glossed over in the standard Calculus courses are given careful study here. For example, what exactly is a 'continuous' function? And how exactly can one give a careful definition of 'integral'? The latter question is often one of the mysterious points in a Calculus course - and it is quite difficult to give a rigorous treatment of integration! The text has a large number of diagrams and helpful margin notes; and uses many graded examples and exercises, often with complete solutions, to guide students through the tricky points. It is suitable for self-study or use in parallel with a standard university course on the subject.

    The focus is on the chain of reasoning that leads to the relativistic theory from the analysis of distance and time measurements in the presence of gravity, rather than on the underlying mathematical structure. Includes links to recent developments, including theoretical work and observational evidence, to encourage further study.

    This textbook provides students with a versatile and accessible introduction to the subject. It assumes only a background in high school algebra, enables instructors to follow tailored pathways through the material, and is the only textbook of its kind designed specifically for an introductory course in the computational science and engineering curriculum. While the text itself is generic, an accompanying website offers tutorials and files in a variety of software packages.This fully updated and expanded edition features two new chapters on agent-based simulations and modeling with matrices, ten new project modules, and an additional module on diffusion. Besides increased treatment of high-performance computing and its applications, the book also includes additional quick review questions with answers, exercises, and individual and team projects.The only introductory textbook of its kind--now fully updated and expandedFeatures two new chapters on agent-based simulations and modeling with matricesIncreased coverage of high-performance computing and its applicationsIncludes additional modules, review questions, exercises, and projectsAn online instructor's manual with exercise answers, selected project solutions, and a test bank and solutions (available only to professors)An online illustration package is available to professors

    and fun. With entertaining connections to popular culture, sports, hobbies, science and careers, the challenges are intriguing and insightful (plus you don't need a calculator or paper to solve them). Open this book and discover the fascinating world of math!Math is a critical part of our everyday lives; we use it dozens of times daily. and wish we understood it better. The second title in the 101 Things Everyone Should Know series, this book makes understanding math easy and fun! Using an appealing question and answer format, this book is perfect for kids, grown-ups and anyone interested in the difference between an Olympic event score of 9.0 and Richter scale score of 9.0.

    Designed for a first course in differential equations, the second edition of Brannan/Boyce's Differential Equations: An Introduction to Modern Methods and Applications is consistent with the way engineers and scientists use mathematics in their daily work. The focus on fundamental skills, careful application of technology, and practice in modeling complex systems prepares students for the realities of the new millennium, providing the building blocks to be successful problem-solvers in today's workplace.Brannan/Boyce's Differential Equations 2e is available with WileyPLUS, an online teaching and learning environment initially developed for Calculus and Differential Equations courses. WileyPLUS integrates the complete digital textbook, incorporating robust student and instructor resources with online auto-graded homework to create a singular online learning suite so powerful and effective that no course is complete without it.WileyPLUS sold separately from text.

    Using a constructive approach, every proof of every result is direct and ultimately computationally verifiable. In particular, existence is never established by showing that the assumption of non-existence leads to a contradiction. The ultimate consequence of this method is that it makes sense--not just to math majors but also to students from all branches of the sciences.The text begins with a construction of the real numbers beginning with the rationals, using interval arithmetic. This introduces readers to the reasoning and proof-writing skills necessary for doing and communicating mathematics, and it sets the foundation for the rest of the text, which includes: Early use of the Completeness Theorem to prove a helpful Inverse Function TheoremSequences, limits and series, and the careful derivation of formulas and estimates for important functionsEmphasis on uniform continuity and its consequences, such as boundedness and the extension of uniformly continuous functions from dense subsetsConstruction of the Riemann integral for functions uniformly continuous on an interval, and its extension to improper integralsDifferentiation, emphasizing the derivative as a function rather than a pointwise limitProperties of sequences and series of continuous and differentiable functionsFourier series and an introduction to more advanced ideas in functional analysisExamples throughout the text demonstrate the application of new concepts. Readers can test their own skills with problems and projects ranging in difficulty from basic to challenging.This book is designed mainly for an undergraduate course, and the author understands that many readers will not go on to more advanced pure mathematics. He therefore emphasizes an approach to mathematical analysis that can be applied across a range of subjects in engineering and the sciences.

    This problem is relevant in various areas of fundamental and applied physics. Significant progress in the understanding of such systems has been made recently. These books present the mathematical theories involved in the modeling of such phenomena. They describe physically relevant models, develop their mathematical analysis and derive their physical implications.