Covering all areas of language which students at this level find difficult, this substantially revised and updated book retains the clarity, simplicity and accessibility of the first edition, adding to it new and redesigned units and appendices, modified right-hand page exercises and additional exercises. - Easy to use: 136 two-page units combine clear, accurate language presentation on left-hand pages with thorough, varied practice on facing pages. - New additional exercises offer further practice of grammar points from different groups of units. - Designed for self-study: learners choose and study problematic areas with the help of a new study guide. - Key section contains answers to all exercises and the study guide. - Appendices deal with irregular verbs, tense formation, modals, spelling, short forms and American English.

    -- Utilizes a developmental skills approach and a broad syllabus of English structures that teach speaking, listening, writing, and reading while focusing on target structures and communication practice.-- Includes key topics such as verb forms, connecting ideas with coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, and comparisons.-- Offers a variety of oral and written exercises, in interesting and realistic contexts.Program Components: -- Student Book -- available in full and split editions.-- Workbook -- offers self-study practice (with answers provided) for independent study and guided study practices (no answers provided).-- Chartbook -- a compilation of all the grammar charts from the Student Book, for use as a review or with the Workbook for additional practice.-- Teacher's Guide -- includes answers to all Student Book and Workbook exercises, as well as detailed teaching instructions for each grammar lesson.-- Transparencies -- black-and-white transparencies for each grammar chart.-- Answer Keys -- available for the Student Book and the Workbook.

    More than 13,000 words are traced to their origins in Proto-Indo-European, the prehistoric ancestor of English that was spoken before the advent of writing. In Calvert Watkins’s skilled hands, Proto-Indo-European language and society are rendered as alive and compelling as they must have been six thousand years ago. His introductory essay shows how words in an unrecorded ancient language can be reconstructed and offers a wealth of fascinating information about Proto-Indo-European culture. The dictionary that follows contains nearly 1,350 reconstructed roots, plus two dozen new “Language and Culture” notes that explore interesting sidelights to the etymologies presented in many entries.

    The first edition of this extremely popular two volume Greek text has been successfully adopted in many high schools and colleges; the organization and approach used by the authors, make it an equally effective tool for those who would enjoy learning the language on their own.

    It is possible to read Japanese knowing only a limited number of kanji, but it is not possible with only a limited number of katakana or hiragana-one must know all of them. Let's Learn Hiragana, and its companion volume Let's Learn Katakana, is a textbook that introduces the learner to the basics of one of these fundamental Japanese scripts. Being a workbook, it contains all the exercises that allow the student to master hiragana by the time the book has been finished. Let's Learn Hiragana is a classic in the field, and the huge number of students that have used it successfully is a sign of its preeminence as a self-study guide.

    It is possible to read Japanese knowing only a limited number of kanji, but it is not possible with only a limited number of katakana or hiragana-one must know all of them. Let's Learn Katakana, and its companion volume Let's Learn Hiragana, is a textbook that introduces the learner to the basics of one of these fundamental Japanese scripts. Being a workbook, it contains all the exercises that allow the student to master katakana by the time the book has been finished. Let's Learn Katakana is a classic in the field, and the huge number of students that have used it successfully is a sign of its preeminence as a self-study guide.

    This revised edition collects forty-one of the most important articles in the field, making it the most up-to-date and comprehensive volume on the subject. The fourth edition features several new articles including influential work by Bertrand Russell, John R. Searle, John Perry, Ruth Garrett Millikan, and John Stuart Mill. Other selections include classic articles by such distinguished philosophers as Gottlob Frege, P. F. Strawson, J. L. Austin, Hilary Putnam, and David Kaplan. The selections represent evolving and varying approaches to the philosophy of language, with many articles building upon earlier ones or critically discussing them. Eight sections cover the central issues: Truth and Meaning; Speech Acts; Reference and Descriptions; Names and Demonstratives; Propositional Attitudes; Metaphor; Interpretation and Translation; and The Nature of Language. The revised general introduction and introductions to each section give students background to the issues and explain the connections between them. A list of suggested further reading follows each section.

    Collins includes the Latin of Jerome's Bible, of canon law, of the liturgy and papal bulls, of scholastic philosophers, and of the Ambrosian hymns, providing a survey of texts from the fourth century through the Middle Ages.An "Answer Key" to this edition is now available. Please see An Answer Key to A Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin, prepared by John Dunlap.

    A dictionary of Latin and Greek terms that often appear in theological works.

    Stephen Cartwright's bright and amusing pictures encourage direct association of the Russian word with the object for effective, long-term learning. At the end of the book there is a full Russian/English list of all the words in the book, with an easy-to-use pronunciation guide for each word. ("Another winner from this bright, imaginative publishing house." The Yorkshire Post) Hardcover. Pages: 64

    An indispensable store of information on the English language, written by some of the best-known grammarians in the world.

    Ten lessons teach students how to pronounce any Hebrew word. 104 pages.

    Built upon an unprecedented survey of spoken English across America and bolstered by extensive historical research, this series preserves the language with all its idioms and peculiarities.

    The fourth edition incorporates new words or senses which have developed in linguistics during the 1990s. Some 15 per cent larger than the preceding edition in its coverage, the dictionary contains new aspects of linguistic theory and research, including the developing terminology of principles and parameter theory in syntax and of the minimalist program; non-linear phonology; contemporary semantics; and speech recognition and synthesis, with associated acoustics terminology.

    The development of advanced communicative competence in English with emphasis on effective reading and writing, and listening skills.

    The author argues that what is needed is not a more literal theology, but a better understanding of metaphor. Soskice offers here an account of metaphor and religious language that not only illuminates the way in which theists speak of God, but also contributes to our understanding of the workings of metaphor in scientific theory and other disciplines.

    It introduces the analysis of the key elements of language--sounds, words, structures and meanings, and provides a solid foundation in all of the essential topics. The third edition has been extensively revised to include new sections on important contemporary issues in language study, including language and culture, African American English, sign language, and slang. A comprehensive glossary provides useful explanations of technical terms, and each chapter contains a range of new study questions and research tasks, with suggested answers.

    . . . This book is to be highly recommended: certainly, for those who find the time to read it, it will broaden the mind, and give lawyers a new insight into their role."—New Law Journal

    Robinson’s classic study asserts that theappositive style of Beowulf helps the poet communicate his Christian vision of paganlife. By alerting the audience to both the older and the newer meanings of words, thepoet was able to resolve the fundamental tension which pervades his narration ofancient heroic deeds.Robinson describes Beowulf ’s major themes and the grammatical and stylisticaspects of its appositive strategies. He then considers the poet’s use of the semanticallystratified vocabulary of Old English poetry to accommodate a party Christian andpartly pre-Christian perspective on the events being narrated. The analysis drawsattention to the ways in which modern editors and lexicographers have obscured stylisticaspects of the poem by imposing upon it various modern conventions.Appositional techniques, Robinson shows, serve not only the poet’s major themesbut also his narrative purposes. A grasp of the fundamental role played by the appositivestyle in Beowulf gives the reader new ways of understanding some of the epic’s familiarpassages. The new foreword addresses the reception this book has had and examinesrecent scholarship in the ongoing interest in this amazing poem.

    An in-depth course for students, this program stresses development of conversational skill, vocabulary, pronunciation and mastery of grammar.

    It examines the critical reactions to the different theories of second language acquisition.

    Schoder and Horrigan. This text provides an introduction to Ancient Greek language as found in the Greek of Homer. Covering 120 lessons, readings from Homer begin after the first 10 lessons in the book. Honor work, appendices, and vocabularies are included, along with review exercises for each chapter with answers.

    Each set may be copied for classroom use but not for resale.

    This newly revised edition fills the demand for a current, accurate and convenient guide to traditional and modern terms in English and Spanish.

    It is designed for wide use and is suitable for beginners and more advanced students alike.Special features:Comprehensive vocabulary with examples of usage and a wealth of up-to-date wordsDue regard to Latin American SpanishConjugation tablesProper namesAbbreviationsNumerals672 pages, over 40,000 references

    Minnesota Archive Editions uses digital technology to make long-unavailable books once again accessible, and are published unaltered from the original University of Minnesota Press editions.Roman Jakobson, one of the most important thinkers of our century, was bet known for his role in the rise and spread of the structural approach to linguistics and literature. His formative structuralism approach to linguistics and literature. His formative years with the Russian Futurists and subsequent involvement in the Moscow and Prague Linguistic Circles (which he co-founded) resulted in a lifelong devotion to fundamental change in both literary theory and linguistics. In bringing each to bear upon the other, he enlivened both disciplines; if a literary work was to a him a linguistic fact, it was also a semiotic phenomenon - part of the entire universe of signs; and above all, for both language and literature, time was an integral factor, one that produced momentum and change. Jakobson's books and articles, written in many languages and published around the world, were collected in a monumental seven-volume work, Selected Writings (1962 -1984), which has been available only to a limited readership. Not long before his death in 1982, Jakobson brought together this group of eleven essays—Verbal Art, Verbal Sign, Verbal Time — to serve as an introduction to some of his linguistic theories and especially, to his work in poetics.Jakobson's introductory article and the editor's preface together suggest the range of his work and provide a context for the essays in this book, which fall into three groups. Those in the first section reflect his preoccupation with the dynamic role of time in language and society. Jakobson challenges Saussure's rigid distinction between language as a static (synchronic) system and its historical (diachronic) development - a false opposition, in his view, since it ignores the role of time in the present moment of language. The essays on time counter the notion that structuralism itself, as heir to Saussure's work, has discarded history; in Jakabson's hands, we see a struggle to integrate the two modes. In central group essays, on poetic theory, he shows how the grammatical categories of everyday speech become the expressive, highly charged language of poetry. These essays also deal with the related issues of subliminal and intentional linguistic patterns of poetry. These essays also deal with the related issues of subliminal and intentional linguistic patterns in poetry—areas that are problematic in structural analysis—and provide exemplary readings of Pushkin and Yeats. The last essays, on Mayakovsky and Holderlin, make clear that Jakobson was aware of the essential (and in these instances, tragic) bond between a poet's life and art. The book closes with essays by Linda Waugh, Krystyna Pomorska, and Igor Melchuk that provide a thoughtful perspective on Jakobson's work as a whole.

    The authors' goal is to inform educators, psychologists, linguists, and professionals working with deaf people about the rich language the deaf have developed for themselves--a language of movement and space, of the hands and the eyes, of abstract communication as well as iconic story-telling. Early chapters discuss the history of sign language use, its social aspects and the issues surrounding the language acquisition of deaf children. The book's core examines the linguistic and psychological study of British Sign Language and compares and contrasts it with other signed languages. The book concludes with an examination of the applications of sign language research, particularly to education.

    At the same time people also have powerful (if unconscious) stereotypes about the norms and standards of their own language and those of others - often at variance with observable behaviour. The view of language use proposed here derives from the authors' extensive fieldwork in the Creole-speaking Caribbean and among West Indian communities in London, and is forcefully illustrated by the data they present, which include recorded conversations and stories. The authors re-examine such concepts as 'a language', 'correct usage', 'race' and 'ethnic groups' and clearly reveal the complex role of language in establishing relationships within regional and social communities and at the state or national level.

    The first collection of its kind, it explores questions of the nature and existence of linguistic objects--including sentences and meanings--and considers the concept of truth in linguistics. The status of linguistics and the nature of language now take a central place in discussions of the nature of philosophy; the essays in this volume both inform these discussions and lay the groundwork for further examination.

    But the fact is that, although the tide is beginning to turn now, for most of the twentieth century linguistics has almost wholly ignored writing. It is not necessary to accept all the theories of the French critic Jacques Derrida in order to agree with him when he describes writing as "the wandering outcast of linguistics."This book is offered in the belief that written language is a form of language. As such, it deserves to be treated with the methods of modern, scientific linguistic study, which have been increasing our understanding of the spoken form of language for many decades.

    Also includes an indispensable guide to the Hebrew alphabet and useful pronunciation guide.

    The book also contains notes on culture shock and language acquisition, plus strategies, tips, and lesson plans to help social and academic adjustment. Activities help develop vocabulary, listening skills, reading, writing, following directions, math, health, and more, giving teachers a wealth of ready-to-use classroom material.

    Value priced, durable, and easily portable, Pockets come in a full range of languages. Select from our best-selling line of bilingual dictionaries, plus a growing assortment of English language reference titles and foreign language grammar guides.Langenscheidt Pockets are one of the best-selling lines of bilingual dictionaries. Each edition is a powerful language tool with thousands of entries, precise grammar, and helpful listings of foreign abbreviations, proper names, and more. Value priced, easily portable Pockets come in a full range of languages. And, with their tough vinyl covers, Pockets will withstand years of hard use.

    It also includes common obstacles such as nouns that change meaning according to gender or number. Users will find idioms that relate to moods, appearance, personal relations, unpleasant situations and difficulties, and more!

    Since then a special discipline, sometimes called Ugaritology, has arisen. The impact of the Ugaritic language and of the many texts written in it has been felt in the study of Semitic languages and literatures, in the history of the ancient Near East, and especially in research devoted to the Hebrew Bible. In fact, knowledge of Ugaritic has become a standard prerequisite for the scientific study of the Old Testament.  The Ugaritic texts, written in the fourteenth and thirteenth centuries B. c., represent the oldest complex of connected texts in any West Semitic language now available (1984). Their language is of critical importance for comparative Semitic linguistics and is uniquely important to the critical study of Biblical Hebrew. Ugaritic, which was spoken in a northwestern corner of the larger Canaanite linguistic area, cannot be considered a direct ancestor of Biblical Hebrew, but its conservative character can help in the reconstruction of the older stages of Hebrew phonology, word formation, and inflection. These systems were later-that is, during the period in which the biblical texts were actually written-complicated by phonological and other changes.  The Ugaritic texts are remarkable, however, for more than just their antiquity and their linguistic witness. They present a remarkably vigorous and mature literature, one containing both epic cycles and shorter poems. The poetic structure of Ugaritic is noteworthy, among other reasons, for its use of the "parallelism of members" that also characterizes such ancient and archaizing poems in the Hebrew Bible as the Song of Deborah (in Judges 5), the Song of the Sea (in Exodus 15), Psalms 29, 68, and 82, and Habakkuk 3.  Textual sources and their rendering The basic source for the study of Ugaritic is a corpus of texts written in an alphabetic cuneiform script unknown before 1929; this script represents consonants fully and exactly but gives only limited and equivocal indication of vowels. Our knowledge of the Ugaritic language is supple-mented by evidence from Akkadian texts found at Ugarit and containing many Ugaritic words, especially names written in the syllabic cuneiform script. Scholars reconstructing the lost language of Ugarit draw, finally, on a wide variety of comparative linguistic data, data from texts not found at Ugarit, as well as from living languages. Evidence from Phoenician, Hebrew, Amorite, Aramaic, Arabic, Akkadian, Ethiopic, and recently also Eblaitic, can be applied to good effect.  For the student, as well as for the research scholar, it is important that the various sources of U garitic be distinguished in modern transliteration or transcription. Since many of the texts found at Ugarit are fragmentary or physically damaged, it is well for students to be clear about what portion of a text that they are reading actually survives and what portion is a modern attempt to fill in the blanks. While the selected texts in section 8 reflect the state of preservation in detail, in the other sections of the grammar standardized forms are presented, based on all available evidence.

    Thus the French word colon means a colonial settler, patron can be a pattern (as for a dress) or an employer, while defiance means distrust, une bombe can mean art insect spray or also an elaborate dessert! And impotent is not necessarily sexually impotent, which in French is impuissant, but seriously crippled. The individual entries also provide the wide social and cultural context within which the words are used in French. This book is very instructive as well as great fun.

    This successful program stresses an inductive approach to communicating effectively in English by recognizing and producing high frequency American idioms.

    They give greater emphasis to the systemic perspective, in which grammaticalization is understoodin the context of an overall model of language. Their description of grammar is grounded in a comprehensive theory, but it is a theory which evolves in the process of being applied.