Best of
History

1943

The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?


F.F. Bruce - 1943
    One of evangelicalism's most trusted scholars, F. F. Bruce clearly presents the evidence for the historical trustworthiness of the Christian Scriptures. This new larger format features a new cover design and is completely retypeset.

Here is Your War


Ernie Pyle - 1943
    With unequaled humanity and insight, Pyle tells how people from a cross-section of America—ranches, inner cities, small mountain farms, and college towns—learned to fight a war. The Allied campaign and ultimate victory in North Africa was built on blood, brave deeds, sacrifice and needless loss, exotic vistas, endurance, homesickness, and an unmistakable American sense of humor. It’s all here—the suspenseful landing at Oran; the risks taken daily by fighter and bomber pilots; grim, unrelenting combat in the desert and mountains of Tunisia; a ferocious tank battle that ended in defeat for the inexperienced Americans; and the final victory at Tunis. Pyle’s keen observations relate the full story of ordinary G.I.s caught up in extraordinary times.

The Machiavellians: Defenders of Freedom


James Burnham - 1943
    The book devotes a long section to Machiavelli himself as well as to such modern Machiavellians as Gaetano Mosca, Georges Sorel, Robert Michels and Vilfredo Pareto. Burnham contends that the writings of these men hold the key both to the truth about politics and to the preservation of political liberty.

They Call It Pacific (Annotated): An Eye-Witness Story of Our War Against Japan from Bataan to the Solomons


Clark Lee - 1943
    They Call It Pacific is an insightful account of events leading up to the war and beyond from an authority on Japanese-American affairs at the time. It is also a thrilling journal detailing Lee’s unbelievable real-time escape from the Philippine Islands with the help of the Filipino resistance. The book contains extensive accounts of the battle for the Philippines on Bataan and Corregidor, interviews with soldiers including General Douglas MacArthur, talks with Japanese prisoners, and descriptions of combat as the author accompanied Navy pilots such as Swede Larson on flights over Guadalcanal. This new edition of They Call It Pacific has been updated with footnotes and images from the Japanese invasion of the Philippines. *Includes original footnotes. *Includes photographs from World War 2.

वोल्गा से गंगा


Rahul Sankrityayan - 1943
    A true vagabond, Sankrityayan traveled to far lands like Russia, Korea, Japan, China and many others, where he mastered the languages of these lands and was an authority on cultural studies.The stories collectively trace the migration of Aryans from the steppes of the Eurasia to regions around the Volga river; then their movements across the Hindukush and the Himalayas and the sub-Himalayan regions; and their spread to the Indo-Gangetic plains of the subcontinent of India. The book begins in 6000 BC and ends in 1942, the year when Mahatma Gandhi, the Indian nationalist leader called for the quit India movement.

Paris-Underground


Etta Shiber - 1943
    When the Nazis invade the city in the summer of 1940, Kitty and Etta begin working with the French Resistance to help British soldiers, left behind in France after its surrender, escape to freedom.

The Road to Hel: A Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature


H.R. Ellis Davidson - 1943
    

Ranade, Gandhi and Jinnah


B.R. Ambedkar - 1943
    Ambedkar

The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy


Bell Irvin Wiley - 1943
    Wiley offers a rare but complete portrait of the ordinary soldier of the Confederacy during the Civil War, via extensive research of letters, newspaper stories, official records, and excerpts from diary entries.

The Discovery of Freedom: Man's Struggle Against Authority


Rose Wilder Lane - 1943
    It must be read by anyone who is seriously interested in the heritage of liberty--not just in America, but the world over. And reading it is a joy. Lane, who is said to have written the book 'at white heat,' was at once a brilliant thinker and a gifted storyteller.This book is a withering attack on statism, nationalism, and what Nobel Laureate F. A. Hayek calls the 'fatal conceit' of national economic planning. It is an intellectual tour de force that stood up to the collectivist paradigm of its time and pointed the way to rediscovering the principles of the American Revolution--a true revolution unlike those of the Old World that 'are revolutions only in the sense that a wheel's turning is a revolution.' Her exciting description of the revolutionary period (you can tell she wishes she'd been there to lend a hand to Paine, Mason, Jefferson and the gang) is the best of a brilliant book.Rose Wilder Lane was a truly remarkable woman. Like Jefferson, she attacked life, living it to the fullest, as adventurer, journalist, world traveler, iconoclast, and just prior to her death, war corespondent in Vietnam. Not surprisingly, the clear-eyed determination and supercharged energy she brings to attacking the enemies of liberty in Discovery is unique among prominent pro-liberty writers. (Free download at mises.org)

God Is My Co-Pilot


Robert L. Scott Jr. - 1943
    Story of a combat pilot in World War II.

Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age


Peter Paret - 1943
    The diversity of its themes and the broad perspectives applied to them make the book a work of general history as much as a history of the theory and practice of war from the Renaissance to the present. Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age takes the first part of its title from an earlier collection of essays, published by Princeton University Press in 1943, which became a classic of historical scholarship. Three essays are repinted from the earlier book; four others have been extensively revised. The rest--twenty-two essays--are new.The subjects addressed range from major theorists and political and military leaders to impersonal forces. Machiavelli, Clausewitz, and Marx and Engels are discussed, as are Napoleon, Churchill, and Mao. Other essays trace the interaction of theory and experience over generations--the evolution of American strategy, for instance, or the emergence of revolutionary war in the modern world. Still others analyze the strategy of particular conflicts--the First and Second World Wars--or the relationship between technology, policy, and war in the nuclear age. Whatever its theme, each essay places the specifics of military thought and action in their political, social, and economic environment. Together the contributors have produced a book that reinterprets and illuminates war, one of the most powerful forces in history and one that cannot be controlled in the future without an understanding of its past.

Condition Red: Destroyer Action in the South Pacific


Frederick J. Bell - 1943
    Condition Red. Many planes.” What was it like to be trapped upon a ship and constantly under threat of attack from Japanese forces? Frederick J. Bell, commander of the USS Grayson during World War Two, dramatically exposes the mental and physical strain that his crew and ship underwent through the course of the first few years of conflict. No stone is left unturned in Bell’s account, as he explains how he and his crew survived strafing by Japanese planes, navigated the treacherous waters of the South Pacific, assisted fellow ships in peril and overcame the tedious moments of boredom. Admiral Bell takes the reader to the heart of the action which he witnessed first-hand and explains the vital role that destroyers played in the Pacific War. They fulfilled a variety of roles, from escorting convoys and guarding Task Forces, to bombing enemy shorelines and providing much needed supplies to the army and marines fighting on the islands. There are few accounts that better document naval warfare during the Second World War. “Tales of himself and the men, of the function of destroyers, alone and in group action, of early difficulties of poor charting, of successive South Pacific engagements, of periods without sleep, of shore landings, of ‘coconut shoots’ and many a ding dong with the enemy.” Kirkus Reviews The valor that Bell demonstrated during the battle of Ontong Java in August 1942 earned him the Medal of Honor, and later during USS Grayson’s operations at Guadalcanal in February 1943 he received a Bronze Star and a Purple Heart. His citation reads: "When his ship was subjected to repeated bombing and strafing attacks by enemy dive bombers at very close range, Commander Bell ... directed the fire of his battery with outstanding efficiency, destroying at least two Japanese dive bombers and damaging others. Immediately following the engagement and during the night, he conducted a search for lost planes, taking his ship into enemy waters and away from the protection of friendly forces. ... He established the identity of lost aircraft and, by flashing messages, directed our planes safely to the carriers." After the war Bell became a business executive and later at the age of 68 he became an Episcopal priest. His books Room to Swing a Cat, a history of the early American navy, and Condition Red were published in 1938 and 1943 respectively. He died at the age of 91 in Miami in 1994.

The Menace of The Herd: Or, Procrustes at Large


Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn - 1943
    Written soon after his immigration to the United States, he signed the book "Francis Stuart Campbell" because he was a refugee from Austria and didn't want to endanger them. The contents: a relentless attack on the idea of mass government based on the egalitarian ethic, and its tendency toward the total state of Stalin and Hitler. And yet there is more here, more than can possibly be recounted in a paragraph. The author was a remarkable 19th-century-style liberal intellectual, startling in his erudition and wisdom. A bit disorganized, perhaps, and not as friendly to the market as it might be but a book overflowing with insight into the ancient, medieval, and modern worlds. To read him is to experience something of an intellectual liberation from every sort of conventional wisdom. This is a dazzling work from a man who seemed to be an impossibility in the modern age.

Art of Falconry; Being the De Arte Venandi cum Avibus of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen


Frederick II of Hohenstaufen - 1943
    They have produced a monograph of great value to zoologists-especially the ornithologist-and also to every one interested in the history of science and in medieval art and letters.

God of the Machine


Isabel Paterson - 1943
    When it was published in 1943, Isabel Paterson's work provided fresh intellectual support for the endangered American belief in individual rights, limited government, and economic freedom. The crisis of today's collectivized nations would not have surprised Paterson; in The God of the Machine, she had explored the reasons for collectivism's failure. Her book placed her in the vanguard of the free-enterprise movement now sweeping the world.Paterson sees the individual creative mind as the dynamo of history, and respect for the individual's God-given rights as the precondition for the enormous release of energy that produced the modern world. She sees capitalist institutions as the machinery through which human energy works, and government as a device properly used merely to cut off power to activities that threaten personal liberty.Paterson applies her general theory to particular issues in contemporary life, such as education, .social welfare, and the causes of economic distress. She severely criticizes all but minimal application of government, including governmental interventions that most people have long taken for granted. The God of the Machine offers a challenging perspective on the continuing, worldwide debate about the nature of freedom, the uses of power, and the prospects of human betterment.Stephen Cox's substantial introduction to The God of the Machine is a comprehensive and enlightening account of Paterson's colorful life and work. He describes The God of the Machine as "not just theory, but rhapsody, satire, diatribe, poetic narrative." Paterson's work continues to be relevant because "it exposes the moral and practical failures of collectivism, failures that are now almost universally acknowledged but are still far from universally understood." The book will be essential to students of American history, political theory, and literature.

Into the Valley: Marines at Guadalcanal


John Hersey - 1943
    While there, Hersey observed a small battle upon which Into the Valley is based. While the battle itself was not of great significance, Hersey gives insightful details concerning the jungle environment, recounts conversations among the men before, during, and after battle, and describes how the wounded were evacuated as well as other works of daily heroism.

Mother America: A Living Story of Democracy


Carlos P. Romulo - 1943
    

Classic, Romantic, and Modern


Jacques Barzun - 1943
    Drawing from the works of influential figures in art and literature, the author traces the development of romanticism from classicism and the emergence of the modern ego.

They Shall Not Have Me


Jean Hélion - 1943
    This serious adventure tale begins with Hélion’s infantry platoon fleeing from the German army and warplanes as they advanced through France in the early days of the war. The soldiers chant as they march and run, “They shall not have me!” but are quickly captured and sent to hard labor. Writing in English in 1943, after his risky escape to freedom in the United States, Hélion vividly depicts the sights, sounds, and smells of the camps, and shrewdly sizes up both captors and captured. In the deep humanity, humor, and unsentimental intelligence of his observations, we can recognize the artist whose long career included friendships with the likes of Mondrian, Giacometti, and Balthus, and an important role in shaping modern art movements. Hélion’s picture of almost two years without his art is a self-portrait of the artist as a man.

An Outline of European Architecture


Nikolaus Pevsner - 1943
    Through several revisions and updates during Pevsner's lifetime, it continued to be a seminal essay on the subject, and even after his death, it remains as stimulating as it was back in the mid-twentieth century. Sir Nikolaus Pevsner (1902-1983) was one of the twentieth century's most learned and stimulating writers on art and architecture. He established his reputation with Pioneers of Modern Design, though he is probably best known for his celebrated series of guides, The Buildings of England, acknowledged as one of the great achievements of twentieth-century scholarship. He was also founding editor of The Pelican History of Art, the most comprehensive and scholarly history of art ever published in English. A revised and updated full-color edition of the classic study of the history of European architecture

Journey Among Warriors


Ève Curie - 1943
    In the course of the book's unfolding, the United States enters the military phase after Pearl Harbor. This comes just as the European powers and China are only just establishing their military infrastructure, through Africa and the Middle East and Russia, and the Far East. German forces are meeting stiff resistance in Russia and North Africa, though the Japanese are pushing through South Asia, threatening India. Through the author's experiences, we read of the patriotism of the Free French, the exiled Poles, the British colonial hierarchy, the Russian Red Army, and the Chinese, both the leadership and the rank and file. We also get a glimpse of the struggles between local concerns and global warfare on all fronts. For example, she expresses the difficulty in understanding the Indian self-absorption in independence and lack of concern in face of the encroaching Japanese-Axis threat. In this unfolding chaos it is little short of amazing that any reporter is capable of traversing the globe and acquiring access to all the leading military and political leaders to learn of their plans and visions for the war itself and its hoped for aftermath and witness their actual efforts and those of their followers.Ms. Curie has presented a whirlwind tour of a world in turmoil. For the year 1942, she gives the reader the sense that the War is at a turning point. Despite the demoralizing retreats in Europe of the previous two years and the surging Japanese in Asia, the author still expresses a note of hope that the Allied cause would yet prevail.

Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft


Dard Hunter - 1943
    The foremost authority on the subject covers tools and materials; hand moulds; pressing, drying, and sizing; hand- and machine-made paper; watermarking; and more. Over 320 illustrations.

Small Arms Of The World: The Basic Manual Of Military Small Arms


Walter H.B. Smith - 1943
    Began in World War II as a reference for U.S. military personnel.

Torpedo 8: The Story of Swede Larsen’s Bomber Squadron


Ira Wolfert - 1943
    VT-8 rose from the ashes of the Battle of Midway to become an indispensable air arm in the series of engagements for the Solomon Islands and beyond. In three months, the crack squadron carried out thirty-nine attack missions, sixteen against ships, twenty-three against ground targets. Their motto following the tragedy at Midway was "Attack and Revenge." Herman Wouk paid homage to the squadron in his 1971 novel War and Remembrance, referring to the pilots as, "The soul of America in action." *Includes annotations and images.

Greek and Roman Architecture


D.S. Robertson - 1943
    It contains 135 drawings and 24 plates. Professor Robertson has produced a really great handbook; one that has become the standard general work, in English, or perhaps in any language, on its subject. It has not only accuracy, attention to detail and scholarship - these qualities we would expect - it has clarity, breadth of treatment and what can be called architectural soundness.

Land of Aeolia


Ilias Venezis - 1943
    First published in Greek in 1943, the book has been continuously in print in Greece ever since. This is the first complete English translation.

One World


Wendell L. Willkie - 1943
    He tells of his talks with prime ministers and kings, and with teachers, soldiers, librarians, factory workers, and farmers around the world. He reports a great awakening that is going on among the peoples of the world and his deep conviction that the United Nations must learn to work together now, while they fight, if they hope to live together after the war is over.

Facts and Fascism


George Seldes - 1943
    No doubt every subsequent work on this explosive topic owes a great debt to this original research. By crusading investigative journalist George Seldes, the book is in three parts: 1) The Big Money and Big Profits in Fascism, 2) Native Fascist Forces, and 3) Our Press as a Fascist Force. The first part reveals the backing of U.S. and British big business behind the rise of Fascism and militarism, with chapters on Germany, Italy, Japan, and Spain, the Nazi cartels and the National Association of Manufacturers. The author was a reporter in Italy in the early 20's as Fascism got its start, and wrote a full-length, critical portrait of Mussolini. In "Native Fascist Forces," Seldes first tells the story of the botched putsch by J. P. Morgan and the American Legion against FDR in 1934 - surely one of the most hushed-up episodes in US history. Next Seldes dissects the Ford empire's support for Nazism and its repressive, even murderous labor practices, and Nazi apologists like Lindbergh, Father Coughlin and the Reader's Digest. The third part explores and deplores acts of treason by war-profiteering heavy industry and by the major newspaper chains. He exposes their habit of faking news for their political agenda, going back to the 1850's in support of black slavery, and white servitude - that is, with attacks on labor and social justice. The last chapter discusses profiteering from a different form of slavery, the tobacco addiction. Among the appendices is one on the definition of Fascism, and data on Who Owns America - thirteen plutocratic families.

Pioneer to the Past: The Story of James Henry Breasted, Archaeologist


Charles Breasted - 1943
    Breasted's greatest achievement was the founding of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago in 1919, through the generous support of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. The Oriental Institute embodies Breasted's vision of an inter-disciplinary research center that unites archaeology, textual studies, and art history as three complementary methodologies to provide a holistic understanding of ancient Near Eastern civilizations, and the ways that they laid the foundations for what we think of today as "Western civilization." Breasted's legacy continues to flourish today. Reprint of the Scribner's Sons 1943 Edition, with New Foreword and Photographs.

The Story of the Americas


Leland Dewitt Baldwin - 1943
    Four hundred and fifty years of exploration, settlement and cultural development-from Columbus' first voyage until the present day-are the raw material out of which this narrative is made. North and South America are presented as the crucible of a colonizing experiment of unparalleled success. The participants were the Spanish of South America and southern North America, the Portuguese in Brazil, and the English, French, Dutch and Swedes in various sections of North America. As we know, the experiment worked, and it is no small part of Captain Baldwin's task is to have gauged the measure of success achieved by each of the participating nations in the various states that grew out of their efforts. Because-after all-the success was relative, total in some places and far from total in others. That the over all picture is encouraging must be admitted by the most frost bitten enemies of democracy. As he surveys mankind from Hudson Bay to Tierra del Fuego and from Cape Breton to Vancouver Sound. Captain Baldwin finds the unifying bond linking the many countries of the Western Hemisphere has sometimes the thickness of a submarine cable, at other times that of a persistently thickening rope. He finds too, that democracy has as many faces as the states that boast its blessings.

Darkness Over Germany: A Warning from History


E. Amy Buller - 1943
    During the years leading up to the outbreak of war, Buller defied her critics and social norms by leading delegations of British intelligentsia to Germany to learn about and confront the appeal of the Nazis.The book speaks of how Hitler and the Nazis stripped the German people of their freedoms and oppressed them, and how young people were swept along with the tide of hate. It tells the stories of the Germans whom Buller met, including their positivity about the forces uniting the country, and their terror that Hitler was the man at the helm.Darkness Over Germany is Amy Buller’s recollection of these unlikely encounters and her analysis of how National Socialism took hold. It tells a remarkable and largely forgotten story of British-German relations in the 1930s. The book speaks resonantly of the need to stay vigilant and maintain dialogue in times of change and discord.

Free Negro in North Carolina, 1790-1860


John Hope Franklin - 1943
    Originally published in 1943 by UNC Press, The Free Negro in North Carolina, 1790-1860 was his first book on the subject. As Franklin shows, freed slaves in the antebellum South did not enjoy the full rights of citizenship. Even in North Carolina, reputedly more liberal than most southern states, discriminatory laws became so harsh that many voluntarily returned to slavery.

My Thirty-Three Year's Dream: The Autobiography of Miyazaki Toten


Miyazaki Toten - 1943
    These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The End in Africa


Alan Moorehead - 1943
    

Stand Fast and Reply


Lavinia R. Davis - 1943
    A story about a young girl growing up in Ohio and finding out what matters most.

The Shadows of the Trees: The Story of French-Canadians in New England


Jaques Ducharme - 1943
    To the south of it, in the great textile cities of New England, every French-Canadian settlement of consequence has its own French-language newspaper devoted to the interests of the French-speaking small town embedded in the larger American community.

The Interpretation of History


Joseph R. Strayer - 1943
    

Miniaturia - The World of Tiny Things


Georgene O'Donnell - 1943
    Many black and white pictures.

The Spanish Labyrinth: An Account of the Social and Political Background of the Spanish Civil War


Gerald Brenan - 1943
    Written during and immediately after the Civil War, this 1990 book has all the vividness of the author's experience. It represents a struggle to see the issues in Spanish politics objectively, whilst bearing witness to the deep involvement which is the only possible source of much of this richly detailed account. As a literary figure on the fringe of the Bloomsbury group, Gerald Brenan lends to this narrative an engaging personal style that has become familiar to many thousands of readers over the decades since it was first published.

The Complete Etchings of Goya


Aldous Huxley - 1943
    Goya's etchings and a forward by Aldous Huxley.

How to Keep Well in Wartime


H.A. Clegg - 1943
    Vegetable and fruit supplies were limited. White bread was nonexistent. Previously commonplace British staples like tea, butter, and milk were tightly controlled. The constant and severe alteration in diet eventually began dipping the nation’s morale and health, resulting in a wave of media attempting to revive citizens’ attitudes and lifestyles. The “how-to” renaissance arose in 1943 with the creation of popular books, pamphlets, and radio shows that prove to be as surprisingly useful today as they were during wartime.   One of these, How to Keep Well in Wartime offers practical advice on everything from eating and drinking to exercise and good health to coping with “sex problems” during the war. This candid and amusing book sets out the “simple safeguards, the common sense rules, and the good habits which we can make part and parcel of our everyday lives.” Containing useful tips on how to maximize sleep, keep mind and body active, and choose healthy foods, it is sure to satisfy those seeking the nostalgic simplicity of the pre-fad diet age.

Dress Rehearsal - The Story of Dieppe


Quentin Reynolds - 1943
    We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.

The Deification of Lincoln


Ira D. Cardiff - 1943
    

The Republic


Charles A. Beard - 1943
    Charles Beard offered, in a synthesis of his life work, a permanent statement on the nature of the American Republic.To carry out his purpose, Beard discusses, among other subjects, the making of one nation out of many peoples and nationalities, the letter and the spirit of the Constitution, the rights and liberties of citizens, the theory of checks and balances, the role of political parties, the Republic in the world of nations, and the coming fate and fortune of America. Above all, he deals philosophically with the eternal conflict between power and freedom, security and liberty.In form, the book is a series of conversations among friends. The author and two public-spirited citizens carry the main burden of the discourse, and other figures are introduced to present special but prevailing points of view. In this way the reader not only feels that he is participating in a search for the truth, but discovers that his own point of view has here an able sponsor. Beard has taken a theme of majestic scope and presented it in terms that are warm and human and immediately relevant.

A History of the Czechs and Slovaks


Robert William Seton-Watson - 1943
    Lloyd George, telegraphed to Professor Masaryk, as President of the Czechoslovak National Council, "Your nation has rendered inestimable service to Russia and to the Allies in this struggle to free the world from despotism; we shall never forget it." On September 27, 1938 (almost exactly twenty years later) another British Prime Minister, broadcasting to the Empire, tried to justify his surrender by describing the Czechoslovaks as "people of whom we know nothing."The present volume is an attempt to deprive future politicians of any excuse for repeating this ineptitude. No one is more conscious than its author, of its imperfections and improvisations. It was originally planned as a companion to A History of the Roumanians (published in 1934), and to a still unfinished History of Jugoslav Unity; and it also incorporates fragments from a History of Austria-Hungary under the Dual System, begun before the last war. The only valid excuse for its completion at high pressure and its production in time of war, is that for good or for ill it is the first history which covers the whole ground, from the earliest times right on to the Gestapo Terror of to-day, and that it contains a collection of facts which, if fully accessible at the time and clearly interpreted, might have served as a timely warning.Czechoslovakia was in may ways the most promising and normal of the political creations of the Great War, full of life and ideals, led by men of high purpose and intellectual calibre. None the less this reconstituted State was the subject of many misconceptions and even calumnies and these can only be cleared away by a study of its history and origins. From this study Bohemia emerges as one of the earliest national states in Europe, with a highly developed consciousness at a time when not only Germany and Italy, but even France and Spain were still disunited. On the one hand she possessed one of the best natural frontiers in Europe, only inferior to the Alps and the Pyrenees—one which till its overthrow in 1938 had stood for more than ten centuries. On the other hand she was handicapped by her landlocked position; her attempts to reach the Baltic or the Adriatic inevitably failed. The fatal legacy bestowed upon her by geography made of the Czechs an exposed salient jutting far into the German positions; and this became all the more marked as with the centuries the tenfold more numerous Germans pushed their frontiers eastwards from the Elbe and Saale to the Oder and on towards the Vistula, at the expense of the Slav, applying the alternate methods of extermination and assimilation. But on the physical map of Europe Bohemia still stands out lozenge-shaped in the very centre of the picture. Bismarck used to call bohemia “a natural fortress erected in the centre of our Continent.” Let those who ignored this warning in 1938 be careful to complete the quotation in 1943-44; “Bohemia in the hands of Russia,” he said, “would be Germany’s enslavement, Bohemia in our hands would be war without mercy or truce with the Empire of the Czars.” A free and independent Czechoslovakia offers the only true solution.‘The great object in trying to understand history, political, religious, literary or scientific,’ wrote Lord Acton, ‘is to get behind men and to grasp ideas.’ The history of Bohemia is that of a small nation which has from early times stood in the van of intellectual, religious and political freedom. What gave its conflict with the Germans an added bitterness was that it almost always found them on the side of reaction, from the Council of Constance till the Protectorate and the Heydrich Terror. Politically there have always been ‘ragged fringes’ between German and Czech, between Magyar and Slovak; and as a ‘clean cut’ proved impossible in 1918, the new Republic of necessity rested upon two conflicting principles—in Bohemia the historic rights of the Crown of St. Wenceslas, in Slovakia the principle of Nationality, which led logically to Czechoslovak Unity. Above all, there stands out form the pages of Czech history a marked preference for leaders of the intellectual rather than the military or narrowly political type, and a no less marked capacity for recognizing and following such leaders when they appear. The reader, will, it is hoped, be able to trace a clear continuity of political thought, on what are to-day somewhat arbitrarily called ‘democratic’ lines. It will be for him to decide whether Czechoslovakia was (as its enemies contend) a mere passing aberration, at whose door some of our present ills might fairly be laid, or whether on the contrary it was a natural evolution from a long and history past, a noteworthy experiment in political and social progress, such as had already won for it a key-position amid the vast schemes of European reconstruction which must follow the agonies of war. For my part, I have endeavoured to follow the example set by a revered colleague, the late Ernest Denis, who prefaced his History of Bohemia since the White Mountain with these words: —Je n’ai dissimulé aucune des erreurs des patriotes tchèques; je crois malgré tout qu'ils ont écrit une des plus belles pages de l'historie de l'humanité. [I have concealed none of the mistakes of the Czech patriots; I believe despite everything that they wrote one of the most beautiful pages in the history of humanity]R. W. Seton-WatsonSeptember 3, 1943