Best of
Philosophy

1940

The Bhagavad Gita: Royal Science of God-Realization


Paramahansa Yogananda - 1940
    States that the words of Lord Krishna to Arjuna in the "Bhagavad Gita" are at once a profound scripture the science of Yoga, union with God, and a textbook for everyday living.

Human Action: A Treatise on Economics


Ludwig von Mises - 1940
    Although governments may presume to set "prices," it is individuals who, by their actions and choices through competitive bidding for money, products, and services, actually determine "prices". Thus, Mises presents economics—not as a study of material goods, services, and products—but as a study of human actions. He sees the science of human action, praxeology, as a science of reason and logic, which recognizes a regularity in the sequence and interrelationships among market phenomena. Mises defends the methodology of praxeology against the criticisms of Marxists, socialists, positivists, and mathematical statisticians.Mises attributes the tremendous technological progress and the consequent increase in wealth and general welfare in the last two centuries to the introduction of liberal government policies based on free-market economic teachings, creating an economic and political environment which permits individuals to pursue their respective goals in freedom and peace. Mises also explains the futility and counter-productiveness of government attempts to regulate, control, and equalize all people's circumstances: "Men are born unequal and ... it is precisely their inequality that generates social cooperation and civilization."Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973) was the leading spokesman of the Austrian School of Economics throughout most of the twentieth century. He earned his doctorate in law and economics from the University of Vienna in 1906. In 1926, Mises founded the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research. From 1909 to 1934, he was an economist for the Vienna Chamber of Commerce. Before the Anschluss, in 1934 Mises left for Geneva, where he was a professor at the Graduate Institute of International Studies until 1940, when he emigrated to New York City. From 1948 to 1969, he was a visiting professor at New York University.Bettina Bien Greaves is a former resident scholar, trustee, and longtime staff member of the Foundation for Economic Education. She has written and lectured extensively on topics of free market economics. Her articles have appeared in such journals as Human Events, Reason, and The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty. A student of Mises, Greaves has become an expert on his work in particular and that of the Austrian School of economics in general. She has translated several Mises monographs, compiled an annotated bibliography of his work, and edited collections of papers by Mises and other members of the Austrian School.

Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius


Jorge Luis Borges - 1940
    It's an important story in the Borges' canon, incorporating most of the author's philosophical and esthetic preoccupations in a typically brief compass. With great solemnity and a convincing array of scholarly detail (including annotated references to imaginary books and articles), Borges contocts a fable of an alternate world and its infiltration of our own. The reality of Tlon is idealist: material objects have no existence; language has no nouns; its principal discipline is psychology, since its inhabitants see the universe as nothing but a series of mental processes. A series of 24 illustrations accompanies the text. Their disturbing resemblances to our reality make them appropriate reflections of Borges's imaginative constructs.' -- The Kingston "Whig-Standard"

The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey, Or, Africa for the Africans


Marcus Garvey - 1940
    The Garveyites' Bible!

Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol


Sri Aurobindo - 1940
    He sets forth the optimistic view that life on earth has a purpose, and he places our travail within the context of this purpose: to participate in the evolution of consciousness that represents the secret thread behind life on Earth.

The Problem of Pain


C.S. Lewis - 1940
    C.S. Lewis sets out to disentangle this knotty issue, but adds that, in the end, no intellectual solution can avoid the need for faith.

For Self-Examination/Judge for Yourself!


Søren Kierkegaard - 1940
    Among the simplest and most readily comprehended of Kierkegaard's books, the two works are part of the signed direct communications, as distinguished from his earlier pseudonymous writings. The lucidity and pithiness, and the earnestness and power, of For Self-Examination and Judge for Yourself! are enhanced when, as Kierkegaard requested, they are read aloud. They contain the well-known passages on Socrates' defense speech, how to read, the lover's letter, the royal coachman and the carriage team, and the painter's relation to his painting. The aim of awakening and inward deepening is signaled by the opening section on Socrates in For Self-Examination and is pursued in the context of the relations of Christian ideality, grace, and response. The secondary aim, a critique of the established order, links the works to the final polemical writings that appear later after a four-year period of silence.

Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory


Herbert Marcuse - 1940
    When it first appeared in 1940, Reason and Revolution by Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979) was acclaimed for its profound and undistorted reading of Hegel's social and political theory. Today, the appreciation of Marcuse's work has remained high, more relevant now than ever before.In the rapidly changing context of post-Cold War political realities, there is no better guide than Marcuse to where we have been and to what we might expect. As he well understood, turbulent and spectacular political events always ran within channels earlier set by political theory; and he equally understood that it was Hegel's often unappreciated and misunderstood theory which actually set a fundamental path of modern political life.It is a fortunate combination to have a scholar of Marcuse's brilliance and lucid honesty addressing the sources and consequences of Hegel's social theory.

The Shaking of the Foundations


Paul Tillich - 1940
    A collection of twenty-two philisophical sermons by existentialist theologian Paul Tillich, crossing multiple historical and cultural influences; Marx, Buddha, Nietzsche, the Ancient Greeks, Rilke, Kierkegaard and Jesus of Nazareth all play a part in Tillich’s apologetic sermons, based on Biblical texts, which are characterised by a width and modernity of knowledge that permits him, if need be, to comment with terrifying irony on the groundless existence of contemporary life.

The Moral Basis of Democracy


Eleanor Roosevelt - 1940
    

The Meaning of Happiness


Alan W. Watts - 1940
    subtitle: The quest for freedom of the spirit in modern psychology and the wisdom of the East

The Nature and Destiny of Man, Vol 1


Reinhold Niebuhr - 1940
    This book issues a challenge to Western civilization to understand its roots in the faith of the Bible. The growth, corruption and purification of the important Western emphases on individuality are chronicled here insightfully.

Lost Light: An Interpretation of Ancient Scriptures


Alvin Boyd Kuhn - 1940
    Kuhn argues that he can prove that the bible is made up largely of ancient Egyptian texts. This is a key work by author Alvin Boyd Kuhn and is popular among individuals interested in his alternative biblical theories. Many readers often purchase Lost Light with Kuhn's other highly acclaimed title Shadow of the Third Century, which is also available from FQ Classics.

An Essay on Metaphysics


R.G. Collingwood - 1940
    This new edition includes three fascinatingunpublished pieces that illuminate and amplify the Essay.

Consistency of the Continuum Hypothesis. (Am-3), Volume 3


Kurt Gödel - 1940
    G�del fled Nazi Germany, fearing for his Jewish wife and fed up with Nazi interference in the affairs of the mathematics institute at the University of G�ttingen. In 1933 he settled at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, where he joined the group of world-famous mathematicians who made up its original faculty.His 1940 book, better known by its short title, The Consistency of the Continuum Hypothesis, is a classic of modern mathematics. The continuum hypothesis, introduced by mathematician George Cantor in 1877, states that there is no set of numbers between the integers and real numbers. It was later included as the first of mathematician David Hilbert's twenty-three unsolved math problems, famously delivered as a manifesto to the field of mathematics at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris in 1900. In The Consistency of the Continuum Hypothesis G�del set forth his proof for this problem.In 1999, Time magazine ranked him higher than fellow scientists Edwin Hubble, Enrico Fermi, John Maynard Keynes, James Watson, Francis Crick, and Jonas Salk. He is most renowned for his proof in 1931 of the 'incompleteness theorem, ' in which he demonstrated that there are problems that cannot be solved by any set of rules or procedures. His proof wrought fruitful havoc in mathematics, logic, and beyond.

Look to the Land


Walter Ernest Christopher James - 1940
    A leading figure in the early organic farming movement, his writings profoundly affected such other pioneers as Sir Albert Howard, Rolf Gardiner, Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, and H. J. Massingham. His path led him on to a profound study of comparative religion, traditional metaphysics, and the science of symbols, which he employed in incisive observations on the character of modern society. His later writings exercised considerable influence on his younger contemporaries E. F. Schumacher and Thomas Merton, and in many ways anticipate the essays of Wendell Berry. The republication of this milestone ecological text will be followed by three volumes of Northbourne's later metaphysical and cultural writings.

Essays in Historical Materialism


Georgi Plekhanov - 1940
    1940 International Publishers edition containing two of Plekhanov's essays, The Materialist Conception of History and The Role of the Individual in History.

Miss Harriet Hippopotamus and the Most Wonderful


Nancy Moore - 1940
    

The Course of American Democratic Thought


Ralph Henry Gabriel - 1940
    Calhoun The Civil War & the American democratic faithWhitman & the Civil War The recreation of the American union 1865-1917The gospel of wealth of the gilded age The science of man The religion of humanityThe religion of humanity at workThe evolution of the philosophy of the general welfare stateWilliam Graham Sumner, critic of the positive state Economic theory & the positive state The social gospel & the salvation of societyThe gospel of wealth & constitutional law Josiah Royce reinterprets democracy & ChristianityThe significance of the frontier & of the law of entropyA new science & a new philosophy The free individual in the Progressive EraThe "mission of America" in the Progressive EraThe great crusade & after The fundamental law & the great liberation, 1918-41The doctrine of the free individual in the middle period of the 20th centuryNationalism, symbols & the mission of AmericaThe fundamental law after HiroshimaReferencesBibliographyIndex