Best of
Philosophy

1850

Practice in Christianity


Søren Kierkegaard - 1850
    Addressing clergy & laity alike, Kierkegaard asserts the need for institutional & personal admission of the accommodation of Christianity to the culture & to the individual misuse of grace. As a corrective defense, the book is an attempt to find, ideally, a basis for the established order, which would involve the order's ability to acknowledge the Christian requirement, confess its own distance from it, & resort to grace for support in its continued existence. At the same time the book can be read as the beginning of Kierkegaard's attack on Christendom. Because of the high ideality of the contents & in order to prevent the misunderstanding that he himself represented that ideality, Kierkegaard writes under a new pseudonym, Anti-Climacus.

The Class Struggles in France, 1848-1850


Karl Marx - 1850
    It is, as Frederick Engels says, "Marx's first attempt, with the aid of his materialist conception, to explain a section of contemporary history from the given economic situation." The work has long been considered a class in historical materialism as applied to current events, having withstood the test of later and fuller analyses. This edition includes in full Engels' famous Preface of 1895, in which he assessed Socialist strategy and tactics for the previous fifty years.Cover: From a lithograph by H. Daumier symbolizing the reactionaries of the period.

Economic Harmonies


Frédéric Bastiat - 1850
    The author at the same time refutes the contrary doctrine, which is the basis of every variety of collectivism, namely, that there is an irreconcilable antagonism between the interests of different social classes, races, nations, industries, etc., which requires that some men be empowered to allocate, by force, all human and material resources to collective ends that transcend those of individual persons. Economic science—ordinarily regarded as a dry collection of abstract formulas having only a remote relation to the realities of human existence—is here presented so that its pertinence to the most important issues confronting mankind becomes immediately clear and vivid. A master of the art of lively and lucid exposition, Bastiat writes in a style that combines sharp wit, striking imagery, apt examples, imaginary dialogues between partisans of opposing points of view, and pages of impassioned eloquence, as he demonstrates the connection between all the major problems of economics—the formation of prices, wages, value, competition, monopoly, profit, rent, war, population, wealth, etc.—and the teachings of ethics, political science, and religion.The present edition forms a fitting supplement to Bastiat's more polemical Selected Essays on Political Economy and Economic Sophisms, also newly translated for this series. It comprises an Introduction by Dean Russell, the full text of Bastiat's work, including his notes and materials for the incomplete chapters, all the notes of his French editor, and a set of explanatory comments by the translator designed to elucidate points that the modern reader might otherwise have found obscure.

The Code of Handsome Lake, the Seneca Prophet


Arthur Caswell Parker - 1850
    His 'Code', presented in this book in full, attempted to simplify the spiritual practices of the Iroquois, preaching temperance, a strict moral code, and self-determination. It also contains some startling prophecies: Handsome Lake believed the world would end (by fire) in the year 2100; he predicted the destruction of the environment, famines, and war; and one of his visions (see section 93) appears to describe the destruction of the ozone layer. This book also contains invaluable descriptions of Iroquois religious rituals and myths at the turn of the twentieth Century.Arthur Parker (1881-1955) was an anthropologist who at the beginning of the 20th Century studied the Iroquois, gaining full access to their culture and language. Highly respected both by academics and the Iroquois, he wrote numerous works on their material culture, linguistics, folklore, archeology and ethnology.

Kierkegaard's Journals and Notebooks, Volume 6: Journals NB11 - NB14


Søren Kierkegaard - 1850
    But Kierkegaard left behind nearly as much unpublished writing, most of which consists of what are called his "journals and notebooks." Kierkegaard has long been recognized as one of history's great journal keepers, but only rather small portions of his journals and notebooks are what we usually understand by the term "diaries." By far the greater part of Kierkegaard's journals and notebooks consists of reflections on a myriad of subjects--philosophical, religious, political, personal. Studying his journals and notebooks takes us into his workshop, where we can see his entire universe of thought. We can witness the genesis of his published works, to be sure--but we can also see whole galaxies of concepts, new insights, and fragments, large and small, of partially (or almost entirely) completed but unpublished works. Kierkegaard's Journals and Notebooks enables us to see the thinker in dialogue with his times and with himself.Volume 6 of this 11-volume series includes four of Kierkegaard's important "NB" journals (Journals NB11 through NB14), covering the months from early May 1849 to the beginning of 1850. At this time Denmark was coming to terms with the 1848 revolution that had replaced absolutism with popular sovereignty, while the war with the German states continued, and the country pondered exactly what replacing the old State Church with the Danish People's Church would mean. In these journals Kierkegaard reflects at length on political and, especially, on ecclesiastical developments. His brooding over the ongoing effects of his fight with the satirical journal Corsair continues, and he also examines and re-examines the broader personal and religious significance of his broken engagement with Regine Olsen. These journals also contain reflections by Kierkegaard on a number of his most important works, including the two works written under his "new" pseudonym Anti-Climacus (The Sickness unto Death and Practice in Christianity) and his various attempts at autobiographical explanations of his work. And, all the while, the drumbeat of his radical critique of "Christendom" continues and escalates.Kierkegaard wrote his journals in a two-column format, one for his initial entries and the second for the extensive marginal comments that he added later. This edition of the journals reproduces this format, includes several photographs of original manuscript pages, and contains extensive scholarly commentary on the various entries and on the history of the manuscripts being reproduced.